Delhi, India, routinely experiences some of the world's highest urban particulate matter concentrations. We established the Delhi Aerosol Supersite study to provide long-term characterization of the ...ambient submicron aerosol composition in Delhi. Here we report on 1.25 years of highly time-resolved speciated submicron particulate matter (PM.sub.1) data, including black carbon (BC) and nonrefractory PM.sub.1 (NR-PM.sub.1 ), which we combine to develop a composition-based estimate of PM.sub.1 ("C-PM.sub.1 " = BC + NR-PM.sub.1) concentrations.
To conduct a systematic review and network meta-analysis of all randomized trials investigating effects of anti-calcitonin gene related peptide monoclonal antibodies (anti-CGRP mAbs) on adult ...patients with chronic migraine.
MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials searched from inception to July 2020; and clinical trial registries. The network meta-analysis was conducted in Bayesian framework using OpenBUGS and R, with the random effects model selected to allow for apparent heterogeneity between studies in the treatment comparison effects.
Overall 38 studies (5164 chronic migraineurs in seven randomized trials) were included with treatment course of at least 12 weeks. Fremanezumab 675 + 225 + 225 mg QM (SC) injections were numerically more effective in lowering migraine days with lower MDs compared to eptinezumab 10 mg (IV) (MD: −1.52, 95% CrIs: −4.24, 0.99), eptinezumab 30 mg (IV) (MD: −0.33, 95% CrIs: −3.02, 2.16), eptinezumab 100 mg (IV) (MD: −0.59, 95% CrIs: −2.80, 1.42), eptinezumab 300 mg (IV) (MD: −0.02, 95% CrIs: −2.29, 1.98), erenumab 70 mg QM (SC) (MD: −0.17, 95% CrIs: −2.84, 2.25), erenumab 140 mg QM (SC) (MD: −0.18, 95% CrIs: −2.87, 2.26), fremanezumab 675 mg (SC) (MD: −0.30, 95% CrIs: −1.81, 1.14), galcanezumab 120 mg QM (SC) (MD: −0.71, 95% CrIs: −3.44, 1.55) and galcanezumab 240 mg QM (SC) (MD: −0.58, 95% CrIs: −3.09, 1.89), however the results were non-significant. Similarly, the anti-CGRP mAbs were also observed to have comparable safety and immunogenicity with no significant differences.
Although all doses of anti-CGRP mAbs have comparable efficacy, safety and tolerability based on uncertainties in indirect comparisons for all outcomes, the calculated effect estimates numerically favored high doses of subcutaneous fremanezumab and intravenous eptinezumab as the effective therapy with acceptable safety and tolerability for short term prevention of chronic migraine.
•Anti-CGRP mAbs fulfills the unmet need for well-tolerated and rapidly effective prevention medications for migraine.•Analyses didn’t detect significant differences for clinical comparisons of anti-CGRP mAbs for outcomes measured until week 12.•All doses of anti-CGRP mAbs have comparable preventive effect with better safety and tolerability profile.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and network meta-analysis of all randomized trials investigating effect of anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal ...antibodies on disability related to migraine in adult patients.
Materials and Methods:
Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials searched from inception to July 2020 with an additional review of clinical trial registries. Disability evaluated using change in patient reported Migraine Disability Assessment scores from baseline were considered for the final analysis. The network meta-analysis was conducted in Bayesian framework using OpenBUGS and R, with the random effects model selected to allow for apparent heterogeneity between studies in the treatment comparison effects.
Results:
Overall 41 studies (7095 migraineurs in 9 randomized trials) were included with treatment course of at least 12 weeks. Subcutaneous injections of fremanezumab 675+225+225 mg QM and 225+225+225 mg QM were more effective in reducing disability in chronic and episodic migraine patients, respectively, with higher median difference in Migraine Disability Assessment score from baseline compared with other treatments including erenumab (70 mg QM; 140 mg QM), galcanezumab (120 mg QM; 240 mg QM), and low doses of fremanezumab (225 mg single dose; 675 mg single dose).
Discussion:
For short-term prevention of migraine, fremanezumab demonstrated slightly better improvement in disability compared with other anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies in adult patients with migraine.
Identification of genes expressed during the Golovinomyces orontii infection process in Helianthus niveus assumes importance for incorporation of resistance to powdery mildew in cultivated sunflower ...(H. annuus L.) from this donor species. RNA-seq analysis of control (uninfected) and infected samples of H. niveus resulted in identification of 231,754 transcripts. A total of 3726 transcripts were differentially expressed of which 205 were specifically expressed in control and 1961 in infected samples. Functional annotation of the differentially expressed transcripts showed significant upregulation of GRAS type transcription factor (TF) and plant specific GATA-type zinc finger TF in infected samples and the K-box, MADS box TF and WRKY family TF in control tissues. Gene ontology classification showed that genes involved in cell and cell part functioning, catalytic and metabolic processes were significantly and highly expressed. This is the first application of RNA-Seq for identification of key genes and pathways involved in powdery mildew infection process in a Helianthus species conferring resistance to the pathogen.
Delhi, India, is the second most populated city in the world and routinely experiences some of the highest particulate matter concentrations of any megacity on the planet, posing acute challenges to ...public health (World Health Organization, 2018). However, the current understanding of the sources and dynamics of PM pollution in Delhi is limited. Measurements at the Delhi Aerosol Supersite (DAS) provide long-term chemical characterization of ambient submicron aerosol in Delhi, with near-continuous online measurements of aerosol composition. Here we report on source apportionment based on positive matrix factorization (PMF), conducted on 15 months of highly time-resolved speciated submicron non-refractory PM1 (NR-PM1) between January 2017 and March 2018. We report on seasonal variability across four seasons of 2017 and interannual variability using data from the two winters and springs of 2017 and 2018. We show that a modified tracer-based organic component analysis provides an opportunity for a real-time source apportionment approach for organics in Delhi. Phase equilibrium modeling of aerosols using the extended aerosol inorganics model (E-AIM) predicts equilibrium gas-phase concentrations and allows evaluation of the importance of the ventilation coefficient (VC) and temperature in controlling primary and secondary organic aerosol. We also find that primary aerosol dominates severe air pollution episodes, and secondary aerosol dominates seasonal averages.
Optical spatial modulation (OSM) is a multiple-input-multiple-output technique wherein the overall information is transferred through spatial and signal domains simultaneously. A problem in OSM is ...the necessity for channel state information at receiver (CSIR) that is obtained by complex channel estimation procedure. Apart from this, a small error in CSIR can cause a significant loss in the error performance of the OSM scheme. In this paper, in order to avoid the requirement of CSIR, a new scheme named as differential OSM (DOSM) is proposed; the average symbol error rate for the DOSM scheme with pulse-amplitude modulation is assessed under negative exponential and gamma-gamma channel models. A special and simplified version of DOSM, called as differential optical space shift keying is also discussed. It is noticed from the analysis that bypassing the requirement of CSIR leads to a small degradation in the error performance of DOSM scheme as compared to its traditional counterpart scheme with perfect CSIR. On the other hand, the proposed scheme outperforms OSM scheme with imperfect CSIR. Further investigations thoroughly examine the interplay between the error performance and spectral efficiency of the proposed scheme.
The Indian national capital, Delhi, routinely experiences some of the world's highest urban particulate matter concentrations. While fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass concentrations in Delhi are ...at least an order of magnitude higher than in many western cities, the particle number (PN) concentrations are not similarly elevated. Here we report on 1.25 years of highly time-resolved particle size distribution (PSD) data in the size range of 12–560 nm. We observed that the large number of accumulation mode particles – that constitute most of the PM2.5 mass – also contributed substantially to the PN concentrations. The ultrafine particle (UFP; Dp<100 nm) fraction of PNs was higher during the traffic rush hours and for daytimes of warmer seasons, which is consistent with traffic and nucleation events being major sources of urban UFPs. UFP concentrations were found to be relatively lower during periods with some of the highest mass concentrations. Calculations based on measured PSDs and coagulation theory suggest UFP concentrations are suppressed by a rapid coagulation sink during polluted periods when large concentrations of particles in the accumulation mode result in high surface area concentrations. A smaller accumulation mode for warmer months results in an increased UFP fraction, likely owing to a comparatively smaller coagulation sink. We also see evidence suggestive of nucleation which may also contribute to the increased UFP proportions during the warmer seasons. Even though coagulation does not affect mass concentrations, it can significantly govern PN levels with important health and policy implications. Implications of a strong accumulation mode coagulation sink for future air quality control efforts in Delhi are that a reduction in mass concentration, especially in winter, may not produce a proportional reduction in PN concentrations. Strategies that only target accumulation mode particles (which constitute much of the fine PM2.5 mass) may even lead to an increase in the UFP concentrations as the coagulation sink decreases.
Powdery mildew has become a regular and serious problem on sunflower in India during the past decade. Powdery mildew infected leaves were collected from ten regions in seven major sunflower growing ...states of India representing
kharif, rabi
and spring cultivation. Anamorph characteristics were studied to identify the pathogen. Five isolates from each of the location were subjected to molecular analysis using universal primers specific to Erysiphales and the ITS primers specific to three species of powdery mildew (
Golovinomyces orontii, Podosphaera xanthii, Leveillula taurica
) reported to infect sunflower. Further, the pathogen infecting weeds in sunflower fields, cucumber crops grown in the vicinity of sunflower fields and perpetuating on two wild
Helianthus
species (
H. strumosus, H. hirsutus
) for 7 years was characterized. Morphological, molecular and sequence analysis confirmed the fungi infecting sunflower including the wild species as
G. orontii.
Members of Cucurbitaceae were infected by
P. xanthii
with the exception of
Coccinia
sps and
Luffa acutangula
which showed infection of
G. orontii.
Common beans,
Zinnia elegans
and
Euphorbia hirta
revealed infection of
G. orontii
while other crops showed infection of
P. xanthii.
None of the powdery mildew samples showed infection of
Leveillula taurica.
Blast analysis of the ITS sequences and characteristics of the anamorphs were mostly in agreement with the respective pathogen except for
E. hirta
which were dimorphic, large and paramoecium shaped. Cross infectivity studies of the pathogen isolated from cucurbits and sprayed on sunflower failed to infect while those from wild sunflowers and
Z. elegans
caused infection.
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