Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecological malignancy and the fifth most common malignancy in women. The worldwide incidence is 15.9 new cases per 100,000 women per year, and the ...incidence in Europe is 22.7 new cases. Minority of cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease. Cutaneous metastases are very rare with a prevalence of 0.8%. If cutaneous metastases are present, the prognosis is poor with an overall survival of up to 12 months. In this review, we presented clinical data on treatment of gynecological cancers with electrochemotherapy, with focus on treatment of cutaneous vulvar metastases from endometrial cancer. Further, we present our data on the case of a 64-year-old woman with recurrent endometrial adenocarcinoma with vulvar skin metastases. Treatment of endometrial carcinoma metastases is multimodal with surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone treatment. There is still no consensus about the specific treatment of cutaneous metastases from endometrial cancer, in particular in order to release symptoms. Electrochemotherapy may be a treatment option to reduce pain and bleeding and a safe option to treat multiple skin metastases.
V razvitem svetu je med ginekološkimi raki najpogostejši endometrijski karcinom. Zdravljenje izbora je kirurgija, ki jo pri obsežnejši bolezni dopolnjuje radioterapija in vedno pogosteje tudi ...kemoterapija. Obsežnost kirurškega posega je še vedno nedorečena, kar zahteva novejše doktrine. Pojavljajo se novi pristopi v zdravljenju, upoštevati pa moramo tudi specifičnost zdravljenja pri mlajših bolnicah.
Background
High‐grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most common and aggressive type of ovarian cancer, and it is often associated with ascites at presentation. The objective of this study was to ...evaluate the accuracy of cytopathology to identify immunophenotypic features of HGSC and BRCA1/2 mutations from ascites.
Methods
The study included 45 patients with histologically confirmed primary HGSC and malignant ascites. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) staining for PAX8, WT1, P53, P16, and Ki‐67 was performed on cytospins and cytoblocks prepared from ascites. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) was used to detect germline/somatic BRCA1/2 mutations in the ascites. Both ICC and NGS results were compared with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and NGS results from tissue blocks of primary tumor. Cronbach α and χ2 statistics, respectively, were used.
Results
ICC/IHC results for PAX8, WT1, P53, and P16 showed good reliability between cytospins, cytoblocks, and tissue blocks (α > 0.75), whereas poor reliability and significant differences were observed for Ki‐67 between ascites and tissue blocks (α < 0.26; p < .001 Kruskal–Wallis). For germline BRCA1/2 mutations, 100% concordance was confirmed, but only 14% concordance was confirmed for somatic mutations.
Conclusions
These results demonstrate that cytopathology is an accurate method for identifying immunophenotypic features of HGSC and detecting germline BRCA1/2 mutations from ascites. However, further investigation is required for assessing the proliferation activity of HGSC in ascites and for detecting somatic BRCA1/2 mutations.
Cytopathological assessment of immunophenotypic features and germline BRCA1/2 mutations of high‐grade serous carcinoma from ascites is comparable to histological assessment of the primary tumor. This approach is valuable when optimal surgical debulking cannot be performed.
HPV AND CERVICAL CANCER PREVENTION Marjetka Uršič-Vrščaj; Milan Bašković; Sonja Bebar ...
Zdravniški vestnik (Ljubljana, Slovenia : 1992),
02/2018, Letnik:
78
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Background: The causal role of human papilloma virus (HPV) in all cancers of the uterine cervix has been firmly established biologically and epidemiologically. HPV types 16 and 18 account for about ...70 % of the cases worldwide. HPV has been recognized as a necessary cause of cervical cancer, meaning that in the absence of the persistent presence of HPV DNA in the cervical cells, cervical cancer will not occur. Thus preventive strategies based on HPV testing in screening programmes or HPV type-specific vaccination are based on solid ground. Most cancers of the vagina and anus are likewise caused by HPV 16, as are a siteable fraction of cancers of the vulva, the penis and the oropharynx. Cervical cancer screening can be a highly effective secondary intervention. In the developing countries these programmes are either not available or are ineffective. HPV vaccination represents the most effective intervention in that scenario. Prophylactic vaccination with human papillomavirus (HPV) virus-like particle (VPL) vaccines against HPV 16 and HPV 18, has transformed our prospects for reducing the in- cidence of cervical cancer on global scale. HPV vaccines are immunogenic, well tolerated and show remarkable efficacy. Screening will have to continue, as two of the 15 oncogenic HPV types are in the vaccines and for two to three decades at least unvaccinated sexually active women still remain at risk for the disease. Conclusions: If vaccination, screening and HPV testing are combined then the virtual elimination of cervical cancer is possible.
Smernice za obravnavo bolnic z rakom jajčnikov, jajcevodov in s primarnim peritonealnim seroznim rakom so izšle v samostojni obliki prvič po letu 2002. Tistega daljnega leta so bile smernice za vse ...ginekološke rake še združene v eni knjižici, dandanes pa nova dejstva in spoznanja ter razvoj novih zdravil terjajo bolj poglobljen pristop k obravnavi teh bolnic. Avtorji smo še posebej veseli dejstva, da so prve samostojne smernice izšle ob 1. Ginekološki šoli z naslovom Rak jajčnikov, 13. novembra 2015, nekoliko dopolnjena 2. izdaja smernic pa je izšla ob ponovitvi šole 18. marca 2016. Namenoma smo iz teh smernic izpustili redke vrste raka jajčnikov (kot na primer germinalni in stromalni rak), saj sta klinična pot in potek bolezni pri teh oblikah drugačni. Smernice so na voljo v dveh knjižnih izdajah, v velikem formatu in žepni obliki, v spletni obliki pa so dostopne na spletni strani Onkološkega inštituta, kjer se bodo tudi sproti posodabljale. Slovenskih smernic nismo želeli le povzeti po vzoru tujih, temveč smo v njih vnesli tudi naše izkušnje z zdravljenjem teh bolezni.
The role of sentinel lymph node detection in vulvar carcinoma and the experiences at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana Background. Sentinel node biopsy is a promising diagnostic staging procedure ...for vulvar carcinoma and it decreases postoperative morbidity. However, it has not been yet approved as a standard procedure. Patients and methods. From March 2003 to the end of 2006, 35 patients were treated for vulvar carcinoma with the technique of sentinel lymph node dissection. Mean age of the patient was 65.8 years (range 36-88 years). There had 32 patients squamous cell carcinoma, one malignant melanoma, one basal cell carcinoma, and one adeno-squamous cell carcinoma. Before surgery, sentinel node biopsy was made with performing 99mTc static and dynamic lymphoscintigraphy and with intradermal injection of methylene blue dye. Results. With this method we haven't found metastases in 25 patients (71.4%). In 3 cases, we failed and found groin recurrence after 12, 24 and 26 months, respectively. In the first, the reason was probably lack of experience, in the second case, we couldn't detect the second active node seen on the lymphographic scan, and in the third case, the reason was a prior surgical procedure and a scar in the groin region. In the group of SNB negative 22 patients were alive at the end of the year 2007 with no evidence of disease, one died after 45 months (groin recurrence), another one died of other causes. For one patient there is no current data. Patient with melanoma malignum is alive with liver metastases. Conclusions. In order to recognize the value of the obtained knowledge about the new treatment method and to confirm the efficiency or inefficiency of this method, further multicenter research studies need to be performed on larger randomized groups of patients.
AimsTo investigate the presumed influence of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the progression of and death due to breast cancer.MethodsIn order to make a detailed analysis, we selected a group of ...21 patients with the diagnosis of invasive breast cancer who had HRT after primary surgical treatment. Each patient from the selected group was compared with two patients from the control group with the diagnosis of invasive breast cancer who did not have HRT after primary surgical treatment. The control cases were matched to selected HRT patients with regard to age at time of the diagnosis, year of diagnosis, diameter of the tumour, metastatic spread in the axillary lymph nodes, and disease-free interval until applying HRT. The same criteria were applied in all analyses. The data were analysed by odds ratio (OR) calculation with a confidence interval of 95%, taking into account residual malignancy and death due to breast cancer in both groups (including carcinoma in the contralateral breast).ResultsHRT was applied in 21 patients treated for breast cancer. In 33% of them, radical mastectomy revealed metastases in the axillary lymph nodes. Hormone receptors could not be found in 57% of patients. In the majority of patients the tumour measured 17.6 mm in diameter. HRT was started on average 62 months (range 1–180 months) after diagnosis, and lasted an average of 28 months (range 3–72 months). All 21 patients used oestradiol as HRT, i.e. a non-conjugated oestrogen. Combined hormonal therapy (oestrogens + progestagens) was given to 95% of patients with median age of 47 years (range 41–59 years) at the beginning of HRT. Relapse was observed in four patients (19%) of the HRT group; of these, one had a carcinoma of the contralateral breast. In the control group, relapse was observed in five patients (11%); one of these five patients had a carcinoma of the contralateral breast. In the HRT group, there were no deaths among the patients with confirmed relapse, while one patient died in the control group. The estimated risk (OR=1.74, 95% CI 0.34–8.88) of relapse of breast cancer was calculated by comparing data from HRT users, who had received HRT for 28 months (range 3–72 months) on average, with data from the control group. The estimated risk of breast cancer relapse in HRT users who had been receiving HRT for less than 24 months was 0.65 (OR=0.65, 95% CI 0.02–7.85).ConclusionDespite the inherent limitations of retrospective data and the need for prospective randomized trials to assess the possible influence of HRT on progression after breast cancer treatment, the present observations suggest that HRT treatment for less than 24 months does not appear to have a pronounced adverse effect on cancer outcome. Nevertheless, until appropriate clinical trials determine that HRT is safe, caution is needed.
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