Five heavy metals/metalloids and related potential health risks were investigated in three commercially important fish species (Anodontostoma chacunda, Belangerii, and Cynoglossurs arel) in Musa ...Estuary and Mahshahr Harbour of the Persian Gulf. A total of 116 fish samples were collected, and their liver and muscle organs were separately analyzed using ICP-MS. Results revealed that studied metals concentrations (with some exceptions) varied among sampling stations, fish species and their organs. Human health risk is evaluated using different indices. The results indicated that arsenic and mercury are the most hazardous elements. Estimated daily intake (EDI) for the metals exceeded the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) for all studied fish species. Also, target risk (TR) of arsenic indicated that consumption over a long period of time may result in a carcinogenic effect. The results are expected to create awareness among the public on the safety of consuming food products grown in particular areas.
•The studied fishes are highly contaminated with some heavy metals including Hg and As.•Heavy metals concentrations in liver of the fish samples are higher than muscle samples.•Petrochemical effluents at eastern pond of the study area are the main source of heavy metals.•High As and Hg concentrations pose serious health risks for fish consumers in long term.
Particulate matter (PM) plays a vital role in altering air quality, human health, and climate change. There are sparse data relevant to PM characteristics in urban environments of the Middle East, ...including Peshawar city in Pakistan. This work reports on the morphology and composition of PM in two size fractions (PM_(2.5) and PM_(10)) during November 2016 in Peshawar. The 24 hous mass concentration of PM_(2.5) varied from 72 μg m^(-3) to 500 μg m^(-3) with an average value of 286 μg m^(-3). The 24 hours PM10 concentration varied from 300 μg m^(-3) to 1440 μg m^(-3) with an average of 638 μg m^(-3). The morphology, size, and elemental composition of PM were measured using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectroscopy. The size of the analyzed particles by EDX ranged from 916 nm to 22 μm. Particles were classified into the following groups based on their elemental composition and morphology: silica (12%), aluminosilicates (23%), calcium rich (3%), chloride (2%), Fe/Ti oxides (3%), carbonaceous (49%), sulfate (5%), biogenic (3%). The major identified sources of PM are vehicular emissions, biomass burning, soil and re-suspended road dust, biological emissions, and construction activities in and around the vicinity of the sampling site.
This study aimed to (1) investigate microrubbers (MRs) for the first time and identify microplastics (MPs) in street dust, (2) determine the physicochemical and mineralogical characteristics and ...morphology of dust particles, (3) understand the concentration and the possible source(s) of heavy metals/metalloids, (4) identify the chemical speciation and mobility potential of trace metals in urban street dusts, and (5) determine adverse health effects of street dust on children and adults living in the city of Bushehr in southwestern Iran. Generally, twenty four street dust samples were collected and analyzed. Calculated enrichment factors indicate high levels of contamination. Statistical analysis reveals that the two main sources of trace elements include road traffic emissions (Cu, Zn, Sb, Hg, Pb, Mo) and re-suspended soil particles (Al, Mn, Ni, Ti, Cd, Co). BCR sequential extraction results indicated that As, Zn, Cu, and Pb mainly occur in the exchangeable fraction and hence are highly bioavailable. X-ray powder diffraction analysis revealed the presence of calcite, dolomite, quartz, and magnetite. The size distribution of dust particles was also investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), while elemental distribution was analyzed using an attached energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM–EDS) unit. Dust particles from heavy traffic areas are much finer compared with other investigated areas. MPs and MRs, mostly fibers and fragments, were detected in all samples ranging from 210 to 1658 (MPs) and 44 to 782 (MRs) items/10 g dust using fluorescence microscopy. The hazard index for As is higher than 10
−4
for children and adults indicative of high risk. According to the calculated potential ecological risk index, Hg indicated moderate ecological risk in the street dust of the study area.
Dust storms are common meteorological events in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in Southwest Iran (SWI). Here we study the relation between drought events in Iraq and dust storms in SWI ...between 2003 and 2018. The HYSPLIT model showed that central and southern Iraq are the main dust sources for SWI. Mean annual aerosol optical depth (AOD) analysis demonstrated that 2008 and 2009 were the dustiest years since 2003 and there is an increased frequency of summertime extreme dust events in the years 2008 and 2009. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index revealed that drought in Iraq significantly affects dust storms in Iran. Similarly, dramatic desiccation of Iraq wetlands has contributed to increasing fall dust events in SWI. AOD in SWI is highly correlated (−0.76) with previous-month vapor pressure deficit (VPD) over Iraq, demonstrating the potential of VPD for dust event forecasting.
Dust events in the Middle East are becoming more frequent and intense in recent years with impacts on air quality, climate, and public health. In this study, the relationship between dust, as ...determined from Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and meteorological parameters (precipitation, temperature, pressure and wind field) are examined using monthly data from 2000 to 2015 for desert areas in two areas, Iraq-Syria and Saudi Arabia. Bivariate regression analysis between monthly temperature data and AOD reveals a high correlation for Saudi Arabia (R = 0.72) and Iraq-Syria (R = 0.64). Although AOD and precipitation are correlated in February, March and April, the relationship is more pronounced on annual timescales. The opposite is true for the relationship between temperature and AOD, which is evident more clearly on monthly time scales, with the highest temperatures and AOD typically between August and September. Precipitation data suggest that long-term reductions in rainfall promoted lower soil moisture and vegetative cover, leading to more intense dust emissions. Superimposed on the latter effect are more short term variations in temperature exacerbating the influence on the dust storm genesis in hot periods such as the late warm season of the year. Case study analysis of March 2012 and March 2014 shows the impact of synoptic systems on dust emissions and transport in the study region. Dust storm activity was more intense in March 2012 as compared to March 2014 due to enhanced atmospheric turbulence intensifying surface winds.
•The relationship between dust and meteorological are examined from 2000 to 2015.•Bivariate regression analysis between temperature and AOD reveals high correlation.•Synoptic map analysis shows, atmospheric turbulence intensify dust emissions.•The effects of temperature on AOD are more observed at monthly time scales.•The effects of precipitation, on AOD are more observed over annual time scales.
The presence of microbes in airborne aerosol particles, especially dust, is a major public health concern in desert regions. This study is the first of its kind to examine the effect of dust storms ...on indoor and outdoor microbial air quality at a hospital on the western side of Iran (city of Ahvaz), which is notorious for being highly vulnerable to dust emissions. Air samples were collected inside and outside of the hospital environment for six months, with the unique advantage of this study being that the region and duration of measurements allow for a clear comparison between dusty and normal days. On normal days, the average concentrations (outdoor/indoor) of bacteria and fungi were 423/329 cfu m−3 and 596/386 cfu m−3, respectively, which increased to 1257/406 cfu m−3 and 1116/550 cfu m−3 on dust event days. Indoor/Outdoor ratios for bacteria and fungi are lower on dust event days (0.26–0.60) versus normal days (0.44–0.95). Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., Streptomyces spp., and Staphylococcus spp. were the dominant bacteria both indoors and outdoors on normal and dust event days. Gram positive bacteria exhibited higher concentrations than Gram negative bacteria in both outdoor and indoor air samples as well as during both normal and dust event days. The data suggest that Gram positive bacteria are more resistant to undesirable outdoor conditions (e.g., high incident solar radiation) as compared to Gram negative ones. These results have implications for other populated arid regions where more stringent control of indoor air quality can greatly benefit public health.
•Bioaerosol composition measurements in and outside of a hospital in Ahvaz, Iran.•Outdoor bioaerosol are shown to impact indoor hospital air quality.•Bacteria and fungi concentrations higher on dusty days in and out of hospital.•Indoor:outdoor ratios of bioaerosol lower on dusty days (≤0.60) versus normal days.•Gram positive bacteria exhibit higher concentrations than Gram negative bacteria.
Secondary organic aerosol formation in the aqueous phase of cloud droplets and aerosol particles (aqSOA) might contribute substantially to the total SOA burden and help to explain discrepancies ...between observed and predicted SOA properties. In order to implement aqSOA formation in models, key processes controlling formation within the multiphase system have to be identified. We explore parameters affecting phase transfer and OH(aq)‐initiated aqSOA formation as a function of OH(aq) availability. Box model results suggest OH(aq)‐limited photochemical aqSOA formation in cloud water even if aqueous OH(aq) sources are present. This limitation manifests itself as an apparent surface dependence of aqSOA formation. We estimate chemical OH(aq) production fluxes, necessary to establish thermodynamic equilibrium between the phases (based on Henry's law constants) for both cloud and aqueous particles. Estimates show that no (currently known) OH(aq) source in cloud water can remove this limitation, whereas in aerosol water, it might be feasible. Ambient organic mass (oxalate) measurements in stratocumulus clouds as a function of cloud drop surface area and liquid water content exhibit trends similar to model results. These findings support the use of parameterizations of cloud‐aqSOA using effective droplet radius rather than liquid water volume or drop surface area. Sensitivity studies suggest that future laboratory studies should explore aqSOA yields in multiphase systems as a function of these parameters and at atmospherically relevant OH(aq) levels. Since aerosol‐aqSOA formation significantly depends on OH(aq) availability, parameterizations might be less straightforward, and oxidant (OH) sources within aerosol water emerge as one of the major uncertainties in aerosol‐aqSOA formation.
Key Points
AqSOA formation in clouds is oxidant limited but possibly not in aerosol particlesCloud aqSOA formation inversely scales with drop effective radiusObserved trends of cloud aqSOA show agreement with model results
Dust storms over the Sistan region in East Iran are associated with predominant northwest winds (called 120-day winds) which promote desertification, including drying of the Hamoun wetlands. These ...storms are more frequent in spring and summer seasons in the Sistan region. The study aims to examine the relationship between vegetation cover and wind speed with dust storms intensity in order to understand the behavior of dust sources using satellite remote sensing data (AOD) between 2000 and 2019. Based on the time series, the study period can be divided into three parts based on the following characteristics: high dust intensity (2004), moderate relative intensity of value in all parameters studied (2005 to 2014), and dust reduction (2015–2019). Time series analysis shows a negative relationship between AOD and wind speed owing presumably to vegetative cover changes during years that wind speed has increased. Based on multiple regression analysis by monthly time scales that conforms time series result, monthly NDVI is significantly related to AOD. Analysis of the 3 hourly wind data suggests a positive relationship between wind and dust, and effective thresholds for dust erosion based on wind speeds are proposed for the Sistan region.
Particulate matter (PM) represents a criteria air pollutant (CAP) influencing health, climate, cloud properties, economy, agriculture, and the environment. Numerous studies on this subject have ...classified dust events based on wind speed, visibility, and PM
10
levels. The purpose of this study was to evaluate PM
10
with a wider range of meteorological parameters and CAPs during different dust storms. Moreover, spatiotemporal and geometrical properties of dust storms were analyzed over the city of Ahvaz between 2012 and 2015. Meteorological parameters included those obtained from the Iran Meteorological Organization (IMO) as well as CAPs from the Ahvaz Environmental Protection Organization (AEPO). During the study period, 68 dust storms were investigated, with sources identified by the AEPO. The highest levels of PM
10
were 2877.2, 1327, 2146, 2094, and 1218 µg m
−3
during local storms (LS), dusts from Iraq (DI), dust from both sources (DBS), and 1 and 2-peak dust events, respectively. The criteria levels of wind speed, relative humidity, and air temperature also shifted 3 h forward when the severity of dust storms decreased and their durations increased. Strong correlation coefficients (R
2
) were observed between PM
2.5
and PM
10
ranging from 0.88 to 0.95 for dust storms falling within each of the five classifications. The highest ascending and the lowest descending slopes belonged to dusts from DBS (600.3 µg m
−3
h
−1
) and DI (73 µg m
−3
h
−1
), respectively. These results have relevance to planning and mitigation strategies for combating different types of dust storms in Ahvaz.
Dust emitted from mining, ore processing, and tailing dumps have direct effects on miners who work close to these operations. The Gol-E-Gohar (GEG) mining and industrial company is one of the most ...important iron concentrate producers in the Middle East. The objective of the present study was to estimate the distribution, fractionation, and oral bioaccessibility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in dust generated by the GEG mining and industrial company. Total PTE content including Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn was quantified for suspended particulate matter (PM) in PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended particulate matter (TSP). As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Pb were quantified in fallout dust samples for oral bioaccessibility using in vitro Unified BARGE (UBM) Method and modified BCR fractionation analysis. Enrichment factors (EF) were calculated for the studied elements in PM; Cu, Fe, and As were found to be extremely enriched. Oral bioaccessibility of selected PTEs in fallout dust samples ranged from 0.35% to 41.55% and 0.06–37.58% in the gastric and intestinal phases, respectively. Regression modeling revealed that the bioaccessibilities of the PTEs could mostly be explained by total concentrations in dust particles. Average daily intake (ADI) calculations revealed that the intake of PTEs did not exceed the tolerable daily intake (TDI) values and as such was not considered a significant risk to workers. Additionally, the hazard quotients (HQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR) values were lower than the acceptable level. This study can provide further risk assessment and management of PTE pollution in occupational environments.
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•This study investigates in vitro oral bioaccessibility of PTEs in dust emitted from an iron mining and ore dressing complex in Iran.•Copper, Fe, V, Co, Ni, and Zn are the most abundant PTEs in PM2.5, PM10, and TSP.•BCR sequential extraction reveals that PTEs were primarily present in the residual phase.•Total concentration, available fraction, and physicochemical properties of dust are related to oral bioaccessibility.•PTE oral bioaccessibility provides more reasonable results to evaluate health risk assessment via ingestion.
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