Abstract ptical cross-talk is a critical characteristic of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) and represents a significant source of the excess noise factor, exerting a substantial influence on ...detector performance. During the avalanche process of SiPMs, photons generated can give rise to both internal cross-talk within the same SiPM and external cross-talk when photons escape from one SiPM and trigger avalanches in others. In scenarios where SiPMs are arranged in a compact configuration and positioned facing each other, the external cross-talk could even dominate the cross-talk phenomenon. This paper investigates two distinct methods for measuring external cross-talk: the counting method, which involves operating SiPMs face-to-face and measuring their coincident signals, and the reflection method, which employs a highly reflective film attached to the surface of the SiPMs. External cross-talk measurements have been conducted on several types of SiPMs, including Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) sensitive SiPMs that Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) and Hamamatsu Photonics Inc (HPK) produced for nEXO as well as visible-sensitive SiPMs provided by FBK, HPK and SensL Technologies Ltd (SenSL) for JUNO-TAO. The results reveal a significant presence of external cross-talk in all tested SiPMs, with HPK's SiPMs exhibiting a dominant external cross-talk component due to the implementation of optical trenches that effectively suppress internal cross-talk. Furthermore, we found that the number of fired SPADs resulting from internal cross-talk can be described by combining Geometric and Borel models for all tested SiPMs, while the external cross-talk can be predicted using a pure Borel model. These distinct probability distributions lead to different excess noise factors, thereby impacting the detector performance in varying ways.
We study thermodynamic properties of weakly interacting Bose gases above the transition temperature of Bose-Einstein condensation in the framework of a thermodynamic perturbation theory. Cases of ...local and non-local interactions between particles are analyzed both analytically and numerically. We obtain and compare the temperature dependencies for the chemical potential, entropy, pressure, and specific heat to those of noninteracting gases. The results set reliable benchmarks for thermodynamic characteristics and their asymptotic behavior in dilute atomic and molecular Bose gases above the transition temperature.
The article examines some algorithms for joint processing of raw data on the state of a complex multistage continuous production process to obtain probabilistic characteristics of abnormal critical ...events that can potentially lead to single failures or even emergencies. The article, thus, proposes and substantiates an approach to developing a technology to detect and predict malfunctions and determine their causes. The sequence of operations to process and convert diagnostic process data is considered essential. As a result, the article presents a general diagnostic model of a multistage production process. The model can formalize the main objects and processes in terms of the problem being solved. An incident is defined as an abnormal critical event described by non-normative values of diagnostic variables. Incidents are shown to be indicated by the corresponding membership functions. The hypotheses on potential incident causes are discussed to be built with belief functions being the basis of evidence theory or Dempster–Shafer theory. The hypotheses are characterized by an interval of malfunction probability in some process chain. The authors propose a procedure of converting these hypotheses into fuzzy production rules automatically. The automatical procedure is a prerequisite to using fuzzy neural networks to obtain a reliable estimate of the degree of belief in the incident cause. As a summary, the generated database of the production rules to train a neural network is substantiated to be used with the TSK architecture that makes possible to estimate a malfunction probability in the process chain quickly without resource-intensive computations.
Introduction. Today, a pressing problem is the lack of a comprehensive analysis of the impact of low-pressure tires on the growth and development of crops (dimension and mass characteristics of ...different plant parts, diseases, etc.), yield within the track and off the track using ground-based measurements, images from drones and from space. The aim of the work is to determine, using digital technology, remote and ground-based measurements, which element of yield structure and at which stage is most affected by tire pressure during the cultivation of winter barley.
Materials and Methods. Above-ground monitoring of sprouts was carried out using standard methods of field testing. Remote monitoring of sprouts was carried out during the vegetation of winter barley by an unmanned aerial vehicle (Phantom 4 Pro, Mavic 2 Enterprise Dual) and by satellite images (OneSoil, SkyScout systems).
Results. As a result of one year research the efficiency of low-pressure tires application in the cultivation of winter barley was proved. The results of comparing the efficiency of low-pressure tires with standard pressure tires show that when using low-pressure tires the biological yield increases by 4.4% and combine yield increases by 9.5%.
Discussion and Conclusion. It was determined that tire pressure affects the growth and development of winter barley, the development of diseases, and crop yields. At the same time, the difference in indicators when the tire moves within the track and off the track is noticeable. Thus, the use of low pressure tires is an important issue of agricultural production intensification just like the use of modern technologies and technical means, highly productive varieties and hybrids, and plant protection means.
When steel smelted in a basic oxygen converter at an increased specific hot iron consumption rate of 950 kg/t and over, the slag formation process proceeds with deviations from the specified ...oxygen-lancing conditions under viscous slag formation during the converter turndown. Solutions are proposed to normalize the slag formation including dissolution of lime. This allows stabilizing of the slagging and lancing conditions, as well as preventing long downtimes of the equipment.
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We report the preparation of SmS@Y
2
O
2
S and Y
2
O
2
S@SmS ceramics with a core–shell nanostructure via 1123-K sulfidation of rare-earth oxides prepared by the sol–gel method, involving ...precipitation from starting metal nitrate solutions with NH
4
OH as a precipitant, followed by annealing of the resultant sulfide phases in an induction furnace at 1473 K. Using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy data, we have evaluated the average crystallite size in the materials and examined the morphology of the constituent phases in them. In addition, the short-range order in the coexisting nanostructures has been analyzed in detail using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data.
A
bstract
The Borexino detector measures solar neutrino fluxes via neutrino-electron elastic scattering. Observed spectra are determined by the solar-
ν
e
survival probability
P
ee
(
E
), and the ...chiral couplings of the neutrino and electron. Some theories of physics beyond the Standard Model postulate the existence of Non-Standard Interactions (NSI’s) which modify the chiral couplings and
P
ee
(
E
). In this paper, we search for such NSI’s, in particular, flavor-diagonal neutral current interactions that modify the
ν
e
e
and
ν
τ
e
couplings using Borexino Phase II data. Standard Solar Model predictions of the solar neutrino fluxes for both high- and low-metallicity assumptions are considered. No indication of new physics is found at the level of sensitivity of the detector and constraints on the parameters of the NSI’s are placed. In addition, with the same dataset the value of sin
2
θ
W
is obtained with a precision comparable to that achieved in reactor antineutrino experiments
.
Abstract
We present technical design and characteristics of the magnetic shield developed for 20"
PMTs of the low-background OSIRIS facility. A ribbon of amorphous alloy with extreme magnetic
...permeability was used in its design, providing excellent efficiency in screening the Earth's
magnetic field with a relatively small amount of material. The mass of materials is crucial to
construction of low-background facilities because of radioactive backgrounds. Using amorphous
materials is cost-efficient compared to other methods for screening the Earth's magnetic field.
The pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects and also the dielectric properties in a biasing electric field have been studied in lead–strontium magnoniobate–titanate solid solutions. The specific ...features of the temperature and field dependences of the pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects are discussed.
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