Diarrhoea is a public health problem, especially in developing countries where it is the second leading cause of child mortality. In Low Income Countries like in Mali, self-medication and ...inappropriate use of antibiotics due to the scarcity of complementary diagnostic systems can lead to the development of multidrug-resistant bacteria causing diarrhoea. The objective of this work was to determine the microorganisms responsible for diarrhoea in children under 15 years of age and to characterize their sensitivity to a panel of antibiotics used in a peri-urban community in Mali. The study involved outpatient children visiting the Yirimadio Community Health Centre and diagnosed with diarrhoea. Stool samples from those patients were collected and analysed by conventional stools culture and the susceptibility to antibiotics of detected bacteria was determined by the disc diffusion method in an agar medium.
Overall, 554 patients were included. Children under the age of 3 years accounted for 88.8% (492 of 554) of our study population. Two bacterial species were isolated in this study, Escherichia coli 31.8% (176 of 554) and Salmonella 2.9% (16 of 554). In the 176, E. coli strains resistance to amoxicillin and to cotrimoxazole was seen in 93.8% (165 of 176) and 92.6% ( 163 of 176), respectively. The ESBL resistance phenotype accounted for 39,8% (70 of 176) of E. coli. Sixteen (16) strains of Salmonella were found, of which one strain (6.3%) was resistant to amoxicillin and to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid. Another one was resistant to chloramphenicol (6.3%). Two strains of Salmonella were resistant to cotrimoxazole (12.5%) and two others were resistant to cefoxitin (12.5%).
The data suggest that E. coli is frequently involved in diarrhoea in children under 3 years of age in this peri-urban setting of Bamako, Mali, with a high rate of resistance to amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole, the most widely used antibiotics in the management of diarrhoea in this setting.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Several predisposing factors for diabetes mellitus have been identified, including cluster determinant 36 (CD36) receptor expression. We aimed to determine the effects of CD36 gene polymorphisms and ...hypermethylation on the plasma CD36 protein levels in type 2 diabetes. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 100 females (lean healthy control subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes). This study was conducted at the Human Physiology Laboratory at the Dakar Faculty of Medicine in Senegal. Circulating sCD36 levels and DNA methyltransferase 3a levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The other biological parameters were evaluated in a biochemical laboratory. CD36 gene polymorphisms and methylation were explored by real-time polymerase chain reaction and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, respectively. sCD36 was negatively correlated with HDL-cholesterol levels (r = - 0.52 p = 0.0001) and triglyceride levels (r = - 0.36 p = 0.01) in control subjects. However, in the type 2 diabetes group, sCD36 levels were positively correlated with total cholesterol levels (r = 0.28 p = 0.04). For rs3211867, control subjects harboring the CC genotypes had significantly higher sCD36 levels than control subjects harboring the AA/AC genotype (p = 0.02); in the type 2 diabetes group, the sCD36 level was not significantly lower in subjects harboring the AA/AC genotype than in subjects harboring the CC genotype (p = 0.27). CD36 gene methylation reduced the sCD36 level in the control subjects compared to control subjects without CD36 gene methylation (p = 0.03). This difference was not significant in the type 2 diabetes group comparing subjects with diabetes with CD36 gene methylation to subjects with diabetes without CD36 gene methylation (p = 0.09). We noted a nonsignificant increase in sCD36 levels in subjects with diabetes with CD36 gene methylation compared to control subjects with CD36 gene methylation (p = 0.27). A combination of the CD36 polymorphism effect and the CD36 methylation effect did not significantly reduce sCD36 levels in subjects with type 2 diabetes. CD36 gene polymorphisms and CD36 gene methylation separately reduce sCD36 levels. Their impacts are compensated for in subjects with type 2 diabetes by an increase in sCD36 levels, the mechanism of which needs to be elucidated.
Objective
We aimed to study Endothelial dysfunction and Arterial Stiffness in Diabetes mellitus.
Methods
29 women with type 2 diabetes and 8 non-diabetic controls were included. Vascular function was ...studied with pOpmetre® (Axelife SAS-France) to assess the foot to toe Pulse Wave Velocity; and EndoPAT2000® (ITAMAR-Israel) to measure endothelial vasodilatation dependent by measurement of reactive hyperhemic index (RHI).
Results
Diabetics were 56 ± 6 years vs 47 ± 9 years. Mean diabetes duration was 9.07 ± 6.15 years. RHI was normal in all controls (1.94 ± 0.68) and abnormal in 51.72% of diabetics (1.83 ± 0.12). An abnormal ftPWV was found in 38% of diabetic subjects (11.6 ± 7.7 m/s) vs 12% of controls (7.7 ± 2.3 m/s, normal <10 m/s). There was a positive correlation between ftPWV and age (
r
= 0.25;
p
= 0.001); ftPWV and duration of diabetes (
r
= 0.12;
p
= 0.03). At the same time we found a negative correlation between RHI and fasting blood glucose (
r
= −0.46;
p
= 0.01), HbA1c (
r
= −0.37;
p
= 0.04), triglycerides (
r
= −0.49;
p
= 0.03) and total cholesterol (
r
= −0.37;
p
= 0.04). In a rapid and non-invasive way, we found endothelial dysfunction in 51.72% of diabetics and arterial stiffness in 38% of them.
Conclusion
During diabetes, endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness are therefore dependent on the glycemic balance, the duration of diabetes and lipid parameters. However, these two parameters appear independently and differently associated with diabetic disease.
Introduction L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer la prévalence des dyslipidémies chez les patients reçus au laboratoire de Biochimie de l'Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec pour le dosage d'un ...paramètre lipidique au cours de l'année 2013. Méthodes Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective portant sur 1356 patients âgés de 10 à 94 ans reçus au laboratoire de Biochimie du CHU Le Dantec de janvier à décembre 2013. Etaient inclus dans l'étude, tous les patients ayant au moins un paramètre du bilan lipidique dont les résultats étaient enregistrés dans le registre du laboratoire. Le cholestérol total, le cholestérol HDL, le cholestérol LDL ainsi que les triglycérides ont été dosés grâce à des méthodes enzymatiques sur un automate de Biochimie de type Cobas Integra 400 (Roche Diagnostics). Résultats La prévalence des dyslipidémies dans notre population d'étude est de 39,30%. Les prévalences de l'hypercholestérolémie, l'hypoHDLémie, l'hyperLDLémie, l'hypertriglycéridémie et l'hyperlipidémie mixte étaient respectivement : 30,89% ; 7,30% ; 31,19% ; 0,51% ; 7,22%. Les sujets de 40 à 59 ans semblaient être plus exposés et on note une prédominance féminine en ce qui concerne l'hypercholestérolémie (54,17% vs 45,82%), l'hypoHDLémie (54,54% vs45, 45%), et l'hyperlipidémie mixte (51,08% vs 48,97%). Enfin les dyslipidémies étaient fortement corrélées à l'HTA et l'obésité. Conclusion La forte prévalence des dyslipidémies retrouvée dans notre étude démontre l'intérêt d'étudier la prévalence des facteurs de risque cardio-vasculaires en particulier les dyslipidémies dans la population sénégalaise.
BackgroundDiarrheal diseases constitute a serious public health problem, particularly in developing countries and it is the second leading cause of child mortality. Self-medication and overuse of ...antibiotics due to the scarcity of complementary diagnostic systems can lead to the development of multi-resistant bacteria causing diarrhea. The objective of this work was to identify the bacteria responsible for diarrhea in children and to characterize their sensitivity to a panel of antibiotics used in Mali.MethodsThis study involved 554 children seen in outpatient visits at the Yirimadio community health center and diagnosed with diarrhea. Yirimadio is a peripheral district area of Bamako the capital city of Mali. Stool samples were collected and analyzed by stool culture and antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method on agar medium. ResultsThe bacteria responsible for diarrheal were Escherichia coli (31.8%) and Salmonella (2.9%). In Escherichia coli strain, amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole were the most resistant antibiotics, 93.8% and 92.6%, respectively. The Extented Spectrum Beta Lactamase resistance phenotype accounted for 39.8% in Escherichia coli. A resistance of 12.5% to cotrimoxazole and cefoxitin was found to Salmonella strains. ConclusionThis study showed that Escherichia coli is the most frequent bacteria involved in diarrhea in children under 3 years of age in Yirimadio, which are resistant to amoxicillin and co-trimoxazole, two antibiotics commonly prescribed in this setting.
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