Abstract
Observations of helium in exoplanet atmospheres may reveal the presence of large gaseous envelopes and indicate ongoing atmospheric escape. Orell-Miquel et al. (2022) used CARMENES to ...measure a tentative detection of helium for the sub-Neptune GJ 1214b, with a peak excess absorption reaching over 2% in-transit depth at 10830 Å. However, several non-detections of helium had previously been reported for GJ 1214b. One explanation for the discrepancy was contamination of the planetary signal by overlapping telluric absorption and emission lines. We used Keck/NIRSPEC to observe another transit of GJ 1214b at 10830 Å at a time of minimal contamination by telluric lines, and did not observe planetary helium absorption. Accounting for correlated noise in our measurement, we place an upper limit on the excess absorption size of 1.22% (95% confidence). We find that the discrepancy between the CARMENES and NIRSPEC observations is unlikely to be caused by using different instruments or stellar activity. It is currently unclear whether the difference is due to correlated noise in the observations, or variability in the planetary atmosphere.
Abstract
We report the discovery of WASP-166b, a super-Neptune planet with a mass of 0.1 MJup (1.9 MNep) and a bloated radius of 0.63 RJup. It transits a V = 9.36, F9V star in a 5.44-d orbit that is ...aligned with the stellar rotation axis (sky-projected obliquity angle λ = 3 ± 5 deg). Variations in the radial-velocity measurements are likely the result of magnetic activity over a 12-d stellar rotation period. WASP-166b appears to be a rare object within the ‘Neptune desert’.
•A bottom-up understanding of the determinants of ES bundles is a critical research gap in sustainability science.•We evaluate the state of the art of methods in ES bundle science and synthesize ...these into four steps.•We apply these four steps to a case study (the French Alps) and use the results to critique the current approaches.•We conclude that inconsistency of spatial scale remains the primary barrier for understanding and predicting ES bundles.•We outline a roadmap for hypothesis-driven research aimed at understanding and predicting ES bundles.
Multiple ecosystem services (ES) can respond similarly to social and ecological factors to form bundles. Identifying key social-ecological variables and understanding how they co-vary to produce these consistent sets of ES may ultimately allow the prediction and modelling of ES bundles, and thus, help us understand critical synergies and trade-offs across landscapes. Such an understanding is essential for informing better management of multi-functional landscapes and minimising costly trade-offs. However, the relative importance of different social and biophysical drivers of ES bundles in different types of social-ecological systems remains unclear. As such, a bottom-up understanding of the determinants of ES bundles is a critical research gap in ES and sustainability science.
Here, we evaluate the current methods used in ES bundle science and synthesize these into four steps that capture the plurality of methods used to examine predictors of ES bundles. We then apply these four steps to a cross-study comparison (North and South French Alps) of relationships between social-ecological variables and ES bundles, as it is widely advocated that cross-study comparisons are necessary for achieving a general understanding of predictors of ES associations. We use the results of this case study to assess the strengths and limitations of current approaches for understanding distributions of ES bundles. We conclude that inconsistency of spatial scale remains the primary barrier for understanding and predicting ES bundles. We suggest a hypothesis-driven approach is required to predict relationships between ES, and we outline the research required for such an understanding to emerge.
Autologous cranioplasty (CP) following decompressive craniectomy (DC) carries a risk of bone flap resorption (BFR). The current literature offers limited information regarding the natural progression ...of BFR and the rate at which it occurs. We aim to characterize the progression of BFR over time and elucidate risk factors for accelerated BFR.
A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who underwent DC and autologous CP. Serial computed tomography (CT) images were used to quantify the degree of BFR over time. Risk factors included age, diabetes, smoking status, flap fragmentation, defect size, and DC-CP time interval. χ2 analyses and Student's t-tests were performed to examine differences between patients who experienced BFR and those who did not.
Overall, 82% of patients demonstrated evidence of clinically relevant resorption on CT. On average, the bone flap decreased in volume by 36.7% within the first year, with a linear loss in volume after multiple years of follow-up. Individuals who developed greater BFR were significantly younger (43 ± 17 vs. 56 ± 12, P = 0.022), had a lower incidence of diabetes (5.9% vs. 43%, P = 0.037), and had more bone flap fragments (1.4 ± 0.67 vs. 1.00 ± 0, P < 0.001) than those who did not.
Resorption following CP with cryopreserved bone appears to progress in a fairly linear and continuous fashion over time. Using serial CT images, we found a resorption rate of 82% at our institution. We identified several possible risk factors for resorption, including flap fragmentation, younger age, and absence of diabetes.
Carbon dioxide (CO
) is a key chemical species that is found in a wide range of planetary atmospheres. In the context of exoplanets, CO
is an indicator of the metal enrichment (that is, elements ...heavier than helium, also called 'metallicity')
, and thus the formation processes of the primary atmospheres of hot gas giants
. It is also one of the most promising species to detect in the secondary atmospheres of terrestrial exoplanets
. Previous photometric measurements of transiting planets with the Spitzer Space Telescope have given hints of the presence of CO
, but have not yielded definitive detections owing to the lack of unambiguous spectroscopic identification
. Here we present the detection of CO
in the atmosphere of the gas giant exoplanet WASP-39b from transmission spectroscopy observations obtained with JWST as part of the Early Release Science programme
. The data used in this study span 3.0-5.5 micrometres in wavelength and show a prominent CO
absorption feature at 4.3 micrometres (26-sigma significance). The overall spectrum is well matched by one-dimensional, ten-times solar metallicity models that assume radiative-convective-thermochemical equilibrium and have moderate cloud opacity. These models predict that the atmosphere should have water, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide in addition to CO
, but little methane. Furthermore, we also tentatively detect a small absorption feature near 4.0 micrometres that is not reproduced by these models.
Objectives
The vertebral heart score is a measurement used to index heart size relative to thoracic vertebra. Vertebral heart score can be a useful tool for identifying and staging heart disease and ...providing prognostic information. The purpose of this study is to validate the use of a vertebral heart score algorithm compared to manual vertebral heart scoring by three board‐certified veterinary cardiologists.
Materials and Methods
A convolutional neural network centred around semantic segmentation of relevant anatomical features was developed to predict heart size and vertebral bodies. These predictions were used to calculate the vertebral heart score. An external validation study consisting of 1200 canine lateral radiographs was randomly selected to match the underlying distribution of vertebral heart scores. Three American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine board‐certified cardiologists were enrolled to manually score 400 images each using the traditional Buchanan method. Post‐scoring, the cardiologists evaluated the algorithm for misaligned anatomic landmarks and overall image quality.
Results
The 95th percentile absolute difference between the cardiologist vertebral heart score and the algorithm vertebral heart score was 1.05 vertebrae (95% confidence interval: 0.97 to 1.20 vertebrae) with a mean bias of −0.09 vertebrae (95% confidence interval: −0.12 to −0.05 vertebrae). In addition, the model was observed to be well calibrated across the predictive range.
Clinical Significance
We have found the performance of the vertebral heart score algorithm comparable to three board‐certified cardiologists. While validation of this vertebral heart score algorithm has shown strong performance compared to veterinarians, further external validation in other clinical settings is warranted before use in those settings.
Complications after cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy (DC) have been reported to be as high as 40%. The superficial temporal artery (STA) is at substantial risk for injury in standard ...reverse question-mark incisions that are typically used for unilateral DC. The authors hypothesize that STA injury during craniectomy predisposes patients to post-cranioplasty surgical site infection (SSI) and/or wound complication.
A retrospective study of all patients at a single institution who underwent cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy and who underwent imaging of the head (computed tomography angiogram, magnetic resonance imaging with intravenous contrast, or diagnostic cerebral angiography) for any indication between the two procedures was undertaken. The degree of STA injury was classified and univariate statistics were used to compare groups.
Fifty-four patients met inclusion criteria. Thirty-three patients (61%) had evidence of complete or partial STA injury on pre-cranioplasty imaging. Nine patients (16.7%) developed either an SSI or wound complication after cranioplasty and, among these, four (7.4%) experienced delayed (>2 weeks from cranioplasty) complications. Seven of 9 patients required surgical debridement and cranioplasty explant. There was a stepwise but non-significant increase in post-cranioplasty SSI (STA present: 10%, STA partial injury: 17%, STA complete injury: 24%, P=0.53) and delayed post-cranioplasty SSI (STA present: 0%, STA partial injury: 8%, STA complete injury: 14%, P=0.26).
There is a notable but statistically non-significant trend toward increased rates of SSI in patients with complete or partial STA injury during craniectomy.
We report the discovery of a new transiting planet from the WASP survey. WASP-135b is a hot Jupiter with radius 1.30 0.09 RJup, mass 1.90 0.08 MJup, and an orbital period of 1.401 days. Its host is a ...Sun-like star, with a G5 spectral type and a mass and radius of 0.98 0.06 M☉ and 0.96 0.05 R☉, respectively. The proximity of the planet to its star means that WASP-135b receives high levels of insolation, which may be the cause of its inflated radius. Additionally, we report weak evidence of a transfer of angular momentum from the planet to its host star.
The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency of arrhythmias detected in unsedated feline patients from general practice settings.
A total 10,638 feline electrocardiograms (ECGs) were ...retrospectively collected of which 9440 met the inclusion criteria.
Recordings were evaluated by a board-certified cardiologist. If an arrhythmia was present in the ECG tracing, the cardiologist categorized the arrhythmia using pre-established keywords.
At least one arrhythmia was observed in 249 cases (2.64%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.34–2.98, 249/9440), with the most common arrhythmia encountered being ventricular premature complexes (1.63%, 95% CI: 1.39%–1.91%, 154/9440). Ragdoll cats had the highest odds of arrhythmia (odds ratio (OR): 3.17, 95% CI: 1.43–6.17, P=0.036). Both geriatric (Age: 13+ years, OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.24–2.34, P=0.013) and senior (Age: 10–13 years, OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.19–2.37, P=0.003) cats had higher odds of having an arrhythmia than adult cats. The odds of male cats having an arrhythmia were slightly higher than female (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06–1.76, P=0.018).
Of the 9440 ECGs included in this study, at least one arrhythmia was detected in 249 distinct cases. Arrhythmias were more common in older cats, male cats and the Ragdoll cat breed. While it is important to note that the presence of an arrhythmia alone does not always indicate the presence of heart disease, further research on the association between breed cardiac health is needed.
Aims. The K2 mission has recently begun to discover new and diverse planetary systems. In December 2014, Campaign 1 data from the mission was released, providing high-precision photometry for ~22 000 ...objects over an 80-day timespan. We searched these data with the aim of detecting more important new objects. Methods. Our search through two separate pipelines led to the independent discovery of K2-19b and c, a two-planet system of Neptune-sized objects (4.2 and 7.2 R⊕), orbiting a K dwarf extremely close to the 3:2 mean motion resonance. The two planets each show transits, sometimes simultaneously owing to their proximity to resonance and the alignment of conjunctions. Results. We obtained further ground-based photometry of the larger planet with the NITES telescope, demonstrating the presence of large transit timing variations (TTVs), and used the observed TTVs to place mass constraints on the transiting objects under the hypothesis that the objects are near but not in resonance. We then statistically validated the planets through the PASTIS tool, independently of the TTV analysis.
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