In this paper, we review the results of BIOINFOMED, a study funded by the European Commission (EC) with the purpose to analyse the different issues and challenges in the area where Medical ...Informatics and Bioinformatics meet. Traditionally, Medical Informatics has been focused on the intersection between computer science and clinical medicine, whereas Bioinformatics have been predominantly centered on the intersection between computer science and biological research. Although researchers from both areas have occasionally collaborated, their training, objectives and interests have been quite different. The results of the Human Genome and related projects have attracted the interest of many professionals, and introduced new challenges that will transform biomedical research and health care. A characteristic of the ‘post genomic’ era will be to correlate essential genotypic information with expressed phenotypic information. In this context, Biomedical Informatics (BMI) has emerged to describe the technology that brings both disciplines (BI and MI) together to support genomic medicine. In recognition of the dynamic nature of BMI, institutions such as the EC have launched several initiatives in support of a research agenda, including the BIOINFOMED study.
Soft-copy presentation of medical images is becoming more and more important as medical imaging is strongly moving toward digital technology, and health care facilities are converting to filmless ...hospital and radiological information management. Although most medical images are monochrome, frequently they are displayed on color CRTs, particularly if general-purpose workstations or PCs are used for medical viewing. In the present report, general measurement and modeling procedures for the characterization of color CRT monitors for monochrome presentation are introduced. The contributions from the three color channels (red, green, and blue) are weighted according to the spectral sensitivity of the human eye for photopic viewing. The luminance behavior and the resolution capabilities of color CRT monitors are analyzed with the help of photometer and charge-coupled device (CCD) camera measurements. For the evaluation of spatial resolution, a two-dimensional Fourier analysis of special test images containing white noise (broadband response) is employed. A stage model for a color CRT monitor is developed to discuss the effects of scanning and dot sampling. Furthermore, display intrinsic veiling glare and reflectivity of typical color CRT monitors are measured and compared with those of monochrome CRT monitors. The developed methods and models allow one to describe the image quality aspects of color monitors if they are applied for medical monochrome image presentation. Particularly, because of the reduced luminance and dynamic range of color monitors, the calibration and control of their luminance curves is a very important task. For present color CRT monitors, 1,280 x 1,024 turns out to be an intrinsic limit for the displayable matrix of medical images.
For electronic equipment, especially medical imaging systems, this doubling of processing power also implies greater availability of network bandwidth, larger storage capacity, smarter computer ...algorithms, and better understanding of clinical information. The chapters on personal healthcare discuss future scenarios in which individuals take increasing responsibility for managing their own healthcare, especially through their use of electronic remote monitoring devices and day-to-day interaction via a variety of platforms such as Web browsers, cell phones, and digital medium devices.
The acceptance of the Flat Panel Display (FPD) for medical imaging applications will be based on quantitative and subjective performance. This paper discusses the challenges and obstacles to the ...eventual transition from CRT to FPD. Understanding these issues will help facilitate a successful and timely acceptance of the FPD.
We have studied a 2048 lines 2k high‐resolution monochrome monitor concept operating with the three guns of a modified color CRT and a standard graphics controller. The major application for the ...monitor system is medical image presentation. The attainable performance has been analyzed and proven with the help of a prototype system. Major advantages over the standard single‐gun monitor architectures are the reduced bandwidth and the attractive system price.
Abstract
In injection moulding processes, the melt undergoes a complex deformation and cooling history, which results in an inhomogeneous distribution of crystalline superstructures in ...semi‐crystalline thermoplastics, which significantly influences their final mechanical and thermal properties. In this paper we describe the determination of local effective thermal properties of a moulded part via a multiscale simulation approach. First a macroscopic filling and heat transfer simulation is performed followed by a microstructure evolution calculation on the micro‐scale. Then, the effective thermal properties are derived via a two‐level homogenization scheme. The results show that the effective thermal conductivity is anisotropic and that it varies asymmetrically over the analysed plate sections.
Translation abstract
Im Spritzguss erfährt die Schmelze komplexe Verformungs‐ und Abkühlvorgänge, welche zur inhomogenen Verteilung von Superstrukturen in teilkristallinen Bauteilen führen, die deren thermischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften signifikant beeinflussen. In dieser Arbeit steht die Berechnung lokaler thermischer Eigenschaften von Spritzgussbauteilen mittels eines Mehrskalenansatzes im Vordergrund. Aufbauend auf einer Formfüll‐ Wärmetransportsimulation wird die Berechnung der Gefügeentwicklung auf der Mikroskala durchgeführt. Effektive thermische Eigenschaften werden dann mit Hilfe einer zweistufigen Homogenisierung ermittelt. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die effektive Wärmeleitfähigkeit anisotrop ist und dass sie asymmetrisch über die Bauteildicke einer isotaktischen Polypropylen (α‐iPP) Stufenplatte variiert.
In injection moulding processes, the melt undergoes a complex deformation and cooling history, which results in an inhomogeneous distribution of crystalline superstructures in semi‐crystalline ...thermoplastics, which significantly influences their final mechanical and thermal properties. In this paper we describe the determination of local effective thermal properties of a moulded part via a multiscale simulation approach. First a macroscopic filling and heat transfer simulation is performed followed by a microstructure evolution calculation on the micro‐scale. Then, the effective thermal properties are derived via a two‐level homogenization scheme. The results show that the effective thermal conductivity is anisotropic and that it varies asymmetrically over the analysed plate sections.
Translation
Im Spritzguss erfährt die Schmelze komplexe Verformungs‐ und Abkühlvorgänge, welche zur inhomogenen Verteilung von Superstrukturen in teilkristallinen Bauteilen führen, die deren thermischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften signifikant beeinflussen. In dieser Arbeit steht die Berechnung lokaler thermischer Eigenschaften von Spritzgussbauteilen mittels eines Mehrskalenansatzes im Vordergrund. Aufbauend auf einer Formfüll‐ Wärmetransportsimulation wird die Berechnung der Gefügeentwicklung auf der Mikroskala durchgeführt. Effektive thermische Eigenschaften werden dann mit Hilfe einer zweistufigen Homogenisierung ermittelt. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die effektive Wärmeleitfähigkeit anisotrop ist und dass sie asymmetrisch über die Bauteildicke einer isotaktischen Polypropylen (α‐iPP) Stufenplatte variiert.
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