Alkyl-xanthato gallium(iii) complexes of the form Ga(S2COR)3, where R = Me (1), Et (2), iPr (3), nPr (4), nBu (5), sBu (6) and iBu (7), have been synthesized and fully characterised. The crystal ...structures for 1 and 3-7 have been solved and examined to elucidate if these structures are related to their decomposition. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to gain insight into the decomposition temperatures for each complex. Unlike previously explored metal xanthate complexes which break down at low temperatures (<250 °C), to form crystalline metal chalcogenides, powder X-ray diffraction measurements suggest that when R ≥ Et these complexes did not produce crystalline gallium sulfides until heated to 500 °C, where γ-Ga2S3 was the sole product formed. In the case of R = Me, Chugaev elimination did not occur and amorphous GaxSy products were formed. We conclude therefore that the low-temperature synthesis route offered by the thermal decomposition of metal xanthate precursors, which has been reported for many metal sulfide systems prior to this, may not be appropriate in the case of gallium sulfides.
A library of over twenty 5‐(2‐arylphenyl)‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐ones has been formed by a microwave‐mediated late‐stage palladium‐catalysed arylation of 1,4‐benzodiazepines using ...diaryliodonium salts. This can also be applied to nordazepam (7‐chloro‐5‐phenyl‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐one), the active metabolite of diazepam, and subsequent N‐alkylation and/or H/D exchange allows further diversification towards elaborated pharmaceuticals and their 3,3′‐deuterated analogues.
The modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of polypropylene-based nanocomposites and blends were predicted using various composite theories and compared to experimental results. The ...Mori–Tanaka and Chow model predictions best match the previously reported experimental trends, though the Chow model underestimates the CTE in the normal direction (ND). Of the various ternary-phase approaches used to predict the modulus and CTE of thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) nanocomposites, a multiplicative approach wherein the contribution of the clay is calculated first and the nanocomposite is then considered to be the matrix for the elastomer blend best matches the experimental trends. The models better capture the effects of the MMT than those of the ethylene–octene elastomer, EOR. A different model predicting the effect of the MMT tactoids on the experimental TPO gives rather good quantitative agreement between the predicted and experimental values of modulus and CTE for TPO nanocomposites.
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Understanding demographic variation in recruitment and somatic growth is key to improving our understanding of population dynamics and forecasting ability. Although recruitment variability has been ...extensively studied, somatic growth variation has received less attention, in part because of difficulties in modeling growth from individual size-at-age estimates. Here we develop a Bayesian state-space approach to test for the prevalence of alternative forms of growth rate variability (e.g., annual, cohort-level, or in the first year recruited to the fishery) in size-at-age data. We apply this technique to 29 Pacific groundfish species across the California Current, Gulf of Alaska, and Bering Sea – Aleutian Islands marine ecosystems. About 40% of modeled stocks were estimated to exhibit temporal growth variation. In the majority of stocks, growth trends fluctuated annually across ages in a single year, suggesting that either there are shared environmental features that dictate growth across multiple ages or the presence of some systematic (within-year) observation errors. This method represents a novel way to use size-at-age data from fishery or other sources to test hypotheses about growth dynamics variability.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The synthesis of the complete range of (Bi
Sb
)
S
solid solutions, where 0 ≤
≤ 1, by the variation of the mole ratio of bismuth and antimony piperidine dithiocarbamate complexes is reported. There ...was a near linear expansion of
and
lattice parameters as the mole ratio of the antimony precursor was increased. The composition of the particles directionally followed the amount of precursor ratio used. When the composition of particles was compared to cell parameters, a slight deviation from Vegard's law was observed with a corresponding contraction of the
parameter and an approximately 3.5% reduction of the lattice volume. The nanorods obtained showed aspect ratios that depend on the composition of the material. The Bi and Sb rich materials had high aspect ratios of 16.58 and 16.58 respectively with a minimum aspect ratio of 2.58 observed for
= 0.50.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether health‐related quality‐of‐life (HRQoL) scores in a primary care population can be used as a predictor of future hospital utilization and mortality.
DESIGN: ...Prospective cohort study measuring Short Form 12 (SF‐12) scores obtained using a mailed survey. SF‐12 scores, age, and a comorbidity score were used to predict hospitalization and mortality rate using multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards during the ensuing 28‐month period for elderly patients.
SETTING: Intermountain Health Care, a large integrated‐delivery network serving a population of more than 150,000 seniors.
PARTICIPANTS: Participants were senior patients who had one or more chronic diseases, were community dwelling, and were initially treated in primary care clinics.
MEASUREMENTS: SF‐12 survey Version 1.
RESULTS: Seven thousand seventy‐six surveys were sent to eligible participants; 3,042 (43%) were returned. Of the returned surveys, 2,166 (71%) were complete and scoreable. For the respondent group, a multivariable analysis demonstrated that older age, male sex, higher comorbidity score, and lower mental and physical summary measures of SF‐12 predicted higher mortality and hospitalization. On average, nonresponders were older and had higher comorbidity scores and mortality rates than responders.
CONCLUSION: The SF‐12 survey provided additional predictive ability for future hospitalizations and mortality. Such predictive ability might facilitate preemptive interventions that would change the course of disease in this segment of the population. However, nonresponder bias may limit the utility of mailed SF‐12 surveys in certain populations.
General Considerations...e70 Risk Assessment Using Clinical Parameters...e71 Advanced Testing: Resting and Stress Noninvasive Testing...e72 Resting Imaging to Assess Cardiac Structure and Function: ...Recommendations...e72 Stress Testing and Advanced Imaging in Patients With Known SIHD Who Require Noninvasive Testing for Risk Assessment: Recommendations...e74 Risk Assessment in Patients Able to Exercise...e74 Risk Assessment in Patients Unable to Exercise...e74 Risk Assessment Regardless of Patients' Ability to Exercise...e74 Exercise ECG...e75 Exercise Echocardiography and Exercise Nuclear MPI...e76 Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography and Pharmacological Stress Nuclear MPI...e77 Pharmacological Stress CMR Imaging...e77 Special Patient Group: Risk Assessment in Patients Who Have an Uninterpretable ECG Because of LBBB or Ventricular Pacing...e77 Prognostic Accuracy of Anatomic Testing to Assess Risk in Patients With Known CAD...e78 Coronary CT Angiography...e78 Coronary Angiography...e78 Coronary Angiography as an Initial Testing Strategy to Assess Risk: Recommendations...e78 Coronary Angiography to Assess Risk After Initial Workup With Noninvasive Testing: Recommendations...e78 Treatment...e80 Definition of Successful Treatment...e80 General Approach to Therapy...e82 Factors That Should Not Influence Treatment Decisions...e83 Assessing Patients' Quality of Life...e84 Patient Education: Recommendations...e84 Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy...e86 Risk Factor Modification: Recommendations...e86 Lipid Management...e86 Blood Pressure Management...e88 Diabetes Management...e89 Physical Activity...e91 Weight Management...e92 Smoking Cessation Counseling...e92 Management of Psychological Factors...e93 Alcohol Consumption...e94 Avoiding Exposure to Air Pollution...e94 Additional Medical Therapy to Prevent MI and Death: Recommendations...e95 Antiplatelet Therapy...e95 Beta-Blocker Therapy...e96 Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Blocker Therapy...e97 Influenza Vaccination...e98 Additional Therapy to Reduce Risk of MI and Death...e99 Medical Therapy for Relief of Symptoms...e100 Use of Anti-ischemic Medications: Recommendations...e100 Alternative Therapies for Relief of Symptoms in Patients With Refractory Angina: Recommendations...e104 Enhanced External Counterpulsation...e104 Spinal Cord Stimulation...e105 Acupuncture...e105 CAD Revascularization...e106 Heart Team Approach to Revascularization Decisions: Recommendations...e106 Revascularization to Improve Survival: Recommendations...e108 Revascularization to Improve Symptoms: Recommendations...e109 CABG Versus Contemporaneous Medical Therapy...e109 PCI Versus Medical Therapy...e110 CABG Versus PCI...e110 CABG Versus Balloon Angioplasty or BMS...e110 CABG Versus DES...e111 Left Main CAD...e111 CABG or PCI Versus Medical Therapy for Left Main CAD...e111 Studies Comparing PCI Versus CABG for Left Main CAD...e111 Revascularization Considerations for Left Main CAD...e112 Proximal LAD Artery Disease...e112 Clinical Factors That May Influence the Choice of Revascularization...e113 Completeness of Revascularization...e113 LV Systolic Dysfunction...e113 Previous CABG...e113 Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction...e113 DAPT Compliance and Stent Thrombosis: Recommendation...e113 Transmyocardial Revascularization...e114 Hybrid Coronary Revascularization: Recommendations...e114 Special Considerations...e114 Women...e115 Older Adults...e115 Diabetes Mellitus...e116 Obesity...e117 Chronic Kidney Disease...e118 HIV Infection and SIHD...e118 Autoimmune Disorders...e119 Socioeconomic Factors...e119 Special Occupations...e119 Patient Follow-Up: Monitoring of Symptoms and Antianginal Therapy...e119 Clinical Evaluation, Echocardiography During Routine, Periodic Follow-Up: Recommendations...e120 Follow-Up of Patients With SIHD...e121 Focused Follow-Up Visit: Frequency...e121 Focused Follow-Up Visit: Interval History and Coexisting Conditions...e121 Focused Follow-Up Visit: Physical Examination...e122 Focused Follow-Up Visit: Resting 12-Lead ECG...e122 Focused Follow-Up Visit: Laboratory Examination...e122 Noninvasive Testing in Known SIHD...e122 Follow-Up Noninvasive Testing in Patients With Known SIHD:
► Productivity–susceptibility analysis was conducted for Alaska groundfish. ► Target and non-target fish stocks were compared. ► Sensitivity analyses were conducted. ► Productivity varied widely but ...susceptibility scores were similar. ► The results will be useful for managing Alaska groundfish.
Federal fishery management rules in the United States have recently changed, necessitating an examination of which fish stocks require annual catch limits and how appropriate stock complexes are formed. We used an analytical approach termed productivity–susceptibility analysis (PSA) to analyze the vulnerability of federally managed Alaska groundfish stocks to overfishing. The focus of the effort was non-target stocks that have limited data available for determining stock status and vulnerability. The PSA approach was originally created to assess risks to bycatch in Australian trawl fisheries and compares productivity attributes (e.g. life-history traits) to factors that determine a stock's susceptibility to fishing impacts, producing a combined score indicative of a stock's relative vulnerability to overfishing. We used a form of the PSA developed by a working group from the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service specifically for use in assessing vulnerability in federally managed fisheries. Alaska groundfish displayed a wide range of vulnerability scores, and this result was mainly due to variability in productivity scores. Susceptibility scores varied less than productivity scores and were centered on an intermediate value. The inclusion of target stocks in the PSA was valuable for assessing the relative vulnerability of the non-target stocks. Sensitivity analyses indicated that PSAs respond differently to changes in attribute scores depending on their initial conditions, and managers should be careful in interpreting changes in PSA results when stocks are re-evaluated.
The use of mixtures of transgenic insecticidal seed and nontransgenic seed to provide an in-field refuge for susceptible insects in insect-resistance-management (IRM) plans has been considered for at ...least two decades. However, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has only recently authorized the practice. This commentary explores issues that regulators, industry, and other stakeholders should consider as the use of biotechnology increases and seed mixtures are implemented as a major tactic for IRM. We discuss how block refuges and seed mixtures in transgenic insecticidal corn, Zea mays L., production will influence integrated pest management (IPM) and the evolution of pest resistance. We conclude that seed mixtures will make pest monitoring more difficult and that seed mixtures may make IRM riskier because of larval behavior and greater adoption of insecticidal corn. Conversely, block refuges present a different suite of risks because of adult pest behavior and the lower compliance with IRM rules expected from farmers. It is likely that secondary pests not targeted by the insecticidal corn as well as natural enemies will respond differently to block refuges and seed mixtures.
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