ABSTRACT
Understanding the clinical spectrum of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, including the asymptomatic fraction, is important as asymptomatic individuals are still able to infect other individuals and ...contribute to ongoing transmission. The WHO Unity Household transmission investigation (HHTI) protocol provides a platform for the prospective and systematic collection of high‐quality clinical, epidemiological, serological and virological data from SARS‐CoV‐2 confirmed cases and their household contacts. These data can be used to understand key severity and transmissibility parameters—including the asymptomatic proportion—in relation to local epidemic context and help inform public health response. We aimed to estimate the asymptomatic proportion of SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron variant infections in Unity‐aligned HHTIs. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis in alignment with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered our systematic review on PROSPERO (CRD42022378648). We searched EMBASE, Web of Science, MEDLINE and bioRxiv and medRxiv from 1 November 2021 to 22 August 2023. We identified 8368 records, of which 98 underwent full text review. We identified only three studies for data extraction, with substantial variation in study design and corresponding estimates of the asymptomatic proportion. As a result, we did not generate a pooled estimate or I2 metric. The limited number of quality studies that we identified highlights the need for improved preparedness and response capabilities to facilitate robust HHTI implementation, analysis and reporting, to better inform national, regional and global risk assessments and policymaking.
Background
Household transmission investigations (HHTIs) contribute timely epidemiologic knowledge in response to emerging pathogens. HHTIs conducted in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic in ...2020‐21 reported variable methodological approaches, producing epidemiological estimates that vary in meaning, precision and accuracy. Because specific tools to assist with the optimal design and critical appraisal of HHTIs are not available, the aggregation and pooling of inferences from HHTIs to inform policy and interventions may be challenging.
Methods
In this manuscript, we discuss key aspects of the HHTI design, provide recommendations for the reporting of these studies and propose an appraisal tool that contributes to the optimal design and critical appraisal of HHTIs.
Results
The appraisal tool consists of 12 questions that explore 10 aspects of HHTIs and can be answered ‘yes’, ‘no’ or ‘unclear’. We provide an example of the use of this tool in the context of a systematic review that aimed to quantify the household secondary attack rate from HHTIs.
Conclusion
We seek to fill a gap in the epidemiologic literature and contribute to standardised HHTI approaches across settings to achieve richer and more informative datasets.
We aimed to estimate the household secondary infection attack rate (hSAR) of SARS‐CoV‐2 in investigations aligned with the WHO Unity Studies Household Transmission Investigations (HHTI) protocol. We ...conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and medRxiv/bioRxiv for “Unity‐aligned” First Few X cases (FFX) and HHTIs published 1 December 2019 to 26 July 2021. Standardised early results were shared by WHO Unity Studies collaborators (to 1 October 2021). We used a bespoke tool to assess investigation methodological quality. Values for hSAR and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted or calculated from crude data. Heterogeneity was assessed by visually inspecting overlap of CIs on forest plots and quantified in meta‐analyses. Of 9988 records retrieved, 80 articles (64 from databases; 16 provided by Unity Studies collaborators) were retained in the systematic review; 62 were included in the primary meta‐analysis. hSAR point estimates ranged from 2% to 90% (95% prediction interval: 3%–71%; I2 = 99.7%); I2 values remained >99% in subgroup analyses, indicating high, unexplained heterogeneity and leading to a decision not to report pooled hSAR estimates. FFX and HHTI remain critical epidemiological tools for early and ongoing characterisation of novel infectious pathogens. The large, unexplained variance in hSAR estimates emphasises the need to further support standardisation in planning, conduct and analysis, and for clear and comprehensive reporting of FFX and HHTIs in time and place, to guide evidence‐based pandemic preparedness and response efforts for SARS‐CoV‐2, influenza and future novel respiratory viruses.
IgG has a long half-life through engagement of its Fc region with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). The FcRn binding site on IgG1 has been shown to contain I253 and H310 in the CH2 domain and H435 in ...the CH3 domain. Altering the half-life of IgG has been pursued with the aim to prolong or reduce the half-life of therapeutic IgGs. More recent studies have shown that IgGs bind differently to mouse and human FcRn. In this study we characterize a set of hu3S193 IgG1 variants with mutations in the FcRn binding site. A double mutation in the binding site is necessary to abrogate binding to murine FcRn, whereas a single mutation in the FcRn binding site is sufficient to no longer detect binding to human FcRn and create hu3S193 IgG1 variants with a half-life similar to previously studied hu3S193 F(ab')2 (t1/2β, I253A, 12.23 h; H310A, 12.94; H435A, 12.57; F(ab')2, 12.6 h). Alanine substitutions in S254 in the CH2 domain and Y436 in the CH3 domain showed reduced binding in vitro to human FcRn and reduced elimination half-lives in huFcRn transgenic mice (t1/2β, S254A, 37.43 h; Y436A, 39.53 h; wild-type, 83.15 h). These variants had minimal effect on half-life in BALB/c nu/nu mice (t1/2β, S254A, 119.9 h; Y436A, 162.1 h; wild-type, 163.1 h). These results provide insight into the interaction of human Fc by human FcRn, and are important for antibody-based therapeutics with optimal pharmacokinetics for payload strategies used in the clinic.
The Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-bound ephrin ligands form a unique cell-cell contact-mediated system for controlling cell localization and organization. Their high expression in ...a wide variety of human tumors indicates a role in tumor progression, and relatively low Eph and ephrin levels in normal tissues make these proteins potential targets for anticancer therapies. The monoclonal antibody IIIA4, previously used to isolate EphA3, binds with subnanomolar affinity to a conformation-specific epitope within the ephrin-binding domain that is closely adjacent to the "low-affinity" ephrin-A5 heterotetramerization site. We show that similar to ephrin-A5, preclustered IIIA4 effectively triggers EphA3 activation, contraction of the cytoskeleton, and cell rounding. BIAcore analysis, immunoblot, and confocal microscopy of wild-type and mutant EphA3 with compromised ephrin-A5 or IIIA4-binding capacities indicate that IIIA4 binding triggers an EphA3 conformation which is permissive for the assembly of EphA3/ephrin-A5-type signaling clusters. Furthermore, unclustered IIIA4 and ephrin-A5 Fc applied in combination initiate greatly enhanced EphA3 signaling. Radiometal conjugates of ephrin-A5 and IIIA4 retain their affinity, and in mouse xenografts localize to, and are internalized rapidly into EphA3-positive, human tumors. These findings show the biological importance of EphA3/ephrin-A5 interactions and that ephrin-A5 and IIIA4 have great potential as tumor targeting reagents.
The chimeric monoclonal antibody cG250 recognizes the CAIX/MN antigen. cG250 induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses in vitro that can be enhanced by IL-2. We studied the ...effects of adding daily low-dose subcutaneous IL-2 to cG250 for treatment of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The primary endpoints of the trial were toxicity and immunological effects (human anti-chimeric antibodies HACA, ADCC, natural killer NK and lymphokine-activated killer cell LAK activity); secondary endpoints were cG250 biodistribution and pharmacokinetics (PK) and tumour response rates. Eligible patients had unresectable metastatic or locally advanced clear cell RCC with measurable or evaluable disease. Nine patients were treated with six doses of cG250 (10 mg/m(2)/week, first and fifth doses trace-labelled with (131)I), and 1.25 x 10(6) IU/m(2)/day IL-2 for six weeks. Treatment was generally well tolerated with no adverse events attributable to cG250. Two patients required a 50% dose reduction of IL-2 due to toxicity. No HACA was detected. (131)I-labeled cG250 showed excellent targeting of tumour deposits. (131)I cG250 PK: T(1/2)alpha 20.16 +/- 6.59 h, T(1/2)beta 126.21 +/- 34.04 h, CL 39.67 +/- 23.06 mL/h, Cmax 5.12 +/- 0.86 microg/mL, V(1) 3.88 +/- 1.05 L. IL-2 did not affect cG250 PK. A trend for increased percentage of circulating CD3-/CD16+CD56+ NK cells was observed. Some patients showed enhanced ADCC or LAK activity. No antitumour responses were observed. In conclusion, weekly cG250 with daily low-dose subcutaneous IL-2 is well tolerated. IL-2 does not influence cG250 biodistribution or increase HACA.
Wnts are a family of secreted proteins involved in multiple developmental mechanisms during nervous system development, including cell proliferation, cell migration, axon guidance and specification ...of cell positional information. We report here the expression of sFRP-1 mRNA, encoding a putative inhibitor of Wnt, in the developing mouse neocortex during the entire period when neurons for the neocortex are born. We show that sFRP-1 mRNA expression is spatially restricted to the proliferative zones during the period, when neurons are known to be generated in large numbers for the enlarging cortical plate.
IgG has a long half-life through engagement of its Fc region with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). The FcRn binding site on IgG1 has been shown to contain I253 and H310 in the CH2 domain and H435 in ...the CH3 domain. Altering the half-life of IgG has been pursued with the aim to prolong or reduce the half-life of therapeutic IgGs. More recent studies have shown that IgGs bind differently to mouse and human FcRn. In this study we characterize a set of hu3S193 IgG1 variants with mutations in the FcRn binding site. A double mutation in the binding site is necessary to abrogate binding to murine FcRn, whereas a single mutation in the FcRn binding site is sufficient to no longer detect binding to human FcRn and create hu3S193 IgG1 variants with a half-life similar to previously studied hu3S193 F(ab')
2
(t
1/2β
, I253A, 12.23 h; H310A, 12.94; H435A, 12.57; F(ab')
2
, 12.6 h). Alanine substitutions in S254 in the CH2 domain and Y436 in the CH3 domain showed reduced binding in vitro to human FcRn and reduced elimination half-lives in huFcRn transgenic mice (t
1/2β
, S254A, 37.43 h; Y436A, 39.53 h; wild-type, 83.15 h). These variants had minimal effect on half-life in BALB/c nu/nu mice (t
1/2β
, S254A, 119.9 h; Y436A, 162.1 h; wild-type, 163.1 h). These results provide insight into the interaction of human Fc by human FcRn, and are important for antibody-based therapeutics with optimal pharmacokinetics for payload strategies used in the clinic.
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