Grain produced from cereal crops is a primary source of human food and animal feed worldwide. To understand the genetic basis of seed-size variation, a grain yield component, we conducted a ...genome-wide scan to detect evidence of selection in the maize Krug Yellow Dent long-term divergent seed-size selection experiment. Previous studies have documented significant phenotypic divergence between the populations. Allele frequency estimates for ∼3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the base population and selected populations were estimated from pooled whole-genome resequencing of 48 individuals per population. Using FST values across sliding windows, 94 divergent regions with a median of six genes per region were identified. Additionally, 2729 SNPs that reached fixation in both selected populations with opposing fixed alleles were identified, many of which clustered in two regions of the genome. Copy-number variation was highly prevalent between the selected populations, with 532 total regions identified on the basis of read-depth variation and comparative genome hybridization. Regions important for seed weight in natural variation were identified in the maize nested association mapping population. However, the number of regions that overlapped with the long-term selection experiment did not exceed that expected by chance, possibly indicating unique sources of variation between the two populations. The results of this study provide insights into the genetic elements underlying seed-size variation in maize and could also have applications for other cereal crops.
Objective:
To descirbe smiling and euphoria induced by deep brain stimulation (DBS).
Background and Significance:
The brain systems inducing emotional experiences and displays are not entirely known, ...but the ventral striatum including the nucleus accumbens have been posited to play a critical role in mediating emotions with positive valence. DBS has been successfully employed for the treatment of movement disorders, and most recently obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The purpose of this report is to describe the emotional changes associated with stimulation of the ventral striatum.
Methods:
A single patient with intractable OCD had electrode arrays placed in the right and left anterior limbs of the internal capsule and region of the nucleus accumbens. Changes in facial movement during stimulation were quantified by video recording. Ten video segments, time locked to the onset of stimulation, were digitized and changes in pixel intensity that occurred over both sides of the lower face, on a frame by frame basis, following stimulation onset were computed. These summed changes in pixel intensity represented the dependent variable of "entropy" and directly corresponded to changes in light reflectance that occur during facial movement.
Results:
During stimulation on both the right and left side, the patient consistently developed a half smile on the side of the face contralateral to the stimulating electrode, and also became euphoric. The effect ceased when DBS was discontinued.
Conclusions:
DBS in the region of the nucleus accumbens produced smile and euphoria suggesting that alterations in the ventral striatum may result in emotional experience and displays. We hypothesize the existence of a limbic-motor network responsible for such changes. This observation suggests that DBS may be useful as a therapy for mood disorders.
Maize (Zea mays) possesses a large, highly repetitive genome, and subsequently a number of reduced-representation sequencing approaches have been used to try and enrich for gene space while eluding ...difficulties associated with repetitive DNA. This article documents the ability of publicly available maize expressed sequence tag and Genome Survey Sequences (GSSs; many of which were isolated through the use of reduced representation techniques) to recognize and provide coverage of 78 maize full-length cDNAs (FLCs). All 78 FLCs in the dataset were identified by at least three GSSs, indicating that the majority of maize genes have been identified by at least one currently available GSS. Both methyl-filtration and high-Cot enrichment methods provided a 7- to 8-fold increase in gene discovery rates as compared to random sequencing. The available maize GSSs aligned to 75% of the FLC nucleotides used to perform searches, while the expressed sequence tag sequences aligned to 73% of the nucleotides. Our data suggest that at least approximately 95% of maize genes have been tagged by at least one GSS. While the GSSs are very effective for gene identification, relatively few (18%) of the FLCs are completely represented by GSSs. Analysis of the overlap of coverage and bias due to position within a gene suggest that RescueMu, methyl-filtration, and high-Cot methods are at least partially nonredundant.
One method to identify the factors that control ovarian function is to characterize the genes that are expressed in ovary.
In the present study, cDNA libraries from fetal, neonatal, and prepubertal ...porcine ovaries, pubertal ovaries on different
days of the estrous cycle (Days 0 follicle, 5, and 12 follicle and corpus luteum), and follicles isolated from weaned
sows (diameter, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm) were constructed and sequenced. A total of 22â176 cDNAs were sequenced, of which 15â613
were of sufficient quality for clustering. Clustering of cDNAs resulted in 8507 contigs, 6294 (74%) of which were comprised
of a single sequence. Sixty-eight percent of the contigs had consensus sequences that were homologous to existing Tentative
Consensus (TC) sequences or mature transcripts (ET) in The Institute for Genomic Research Porcine Gene Index. The consensus
sequences were classified according to the Gene Ontology Index. Most cDNA-encoded proteins were components of the nucleus,
ribosome, or mitochondrion. The proteins primarily functioned in binding, catalysis, and transport. Nearly 75% of the proteins
were involved in metabolism and cell growth and/or maintenance. Analysis of the cDNA frequency across different libraries
demonstrated differential gene expression within different-size follicles, between follicles and corpora lutea, and across
developmental time-points. The expression of selected genes (analyzed by ribonuclease protection assay and Northern blotting)
was consistent with the frequency of their respective cDNA in the individual libraries. This porcine ovary unigene set will
be useful for identifying factors and mechanisms controlling ovarian follicular development in a variety of species.
This handbook provides broad coverage of a wide range of electronic and photonic materials, starting from fundamentals and building up to advanced topics and applications.
PHP 5 Recipes Kromann, Frank M; Stephens, Jon; Good, Nathan A ...
2005, 2005-10-04T00:00:00, 2006-12-01, c2005
eBook
What you hold in your hands is the answer to all your PHP 5 needs. We have written PHP 5 Recipes with a number of purposes in mind.First, this book is a source of instant solutions, including ...countless pieces of useful code that you can just copy and paste into your own applications, giving you answers fast and saving you hours of coding time.Second, this book is a useful reference to the most important aspects of the PHP 5 language, including the vital functions you know and love from previous versions of PHP, as well as the functions introduced in PHP 5.Finally, this book explains the PHP 5 functionality in detail, including the vastly improved object-oriented capabilities and the new MySQLi database extension.We are confident PHP 5 Recipes will be a useful and welcome companion throughout your PHP journey, keeping you on the cutting edge of PHP development, ahead of the competition, and giving you all the answers you need, when you need them.
Much has been written about reperfusion injury in the past decade but unfortunately the information has been generally presented in the form of original specialist papers and little if any integral ...publication exists on the topic, summarising and analysing the clinical impact of the condition and its management. The pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms of reperfusion injury are complex and, regarding diagnosis, individual diagnostic techniques have been proposed but without a proper assessment of the relative values of these methods. A publication dealing with integral diagnostic strategies would be welcome by the managing physician. Management of the condition is also problematic, as strategies that appear to work in the experimental models do not translate into beneficial interventions in patients. There is a need for these issues to be addressed and discussed in a monographic fashion. Management of Myocardial Reperfusion Injury will tackle these issues in a modern and systematic way and the information will be delivered in a fashion that will be appealing to the reader.
Legal semiotics is new field highly relevant to both legal practice and the transference of legal knowledge across generations of lawyers. This volume assesses the role legal semiotics play in legal ...education.
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