Health Care and EU Law Gronden, Johan Willem; Krajewski, Markus; Neergaard, Ulla ...
2011, 2011-04-10
eBook
The aim of the present volume is to explore the consequences of the impact of the EU rules for the internal market (including the proposed Directive on patients' rights) and competition on national ...health care systems. It will also address how related areas, such as EU public procurement law and WTO law, influence national healthcare organisation and Member State autonomy.
Non-burning thermonuclear fuel implosion experiments have been fielded on the National Ignition Facility to assess progress toward ignition by indirect drive inertial confinement fusion. These ...experiments use cryogenic fuel ice layers, consisting of mixtures of tritium and deuterium with large amounts of hydrogen to control the neutron yield and to allow fielding of an extensive suite of optical, x-ray and nuclear diagnostics. The thermonuclear fuel layer is contained in a spherical plastic capsule that is fielded in the center of a cylindrical gold hohlraum. Heating the hohlraum with 1.3 MJ of energy delivered by 192 laser beams produces a soft x-ray drive spectrum with a radiation temperature of 300 eV. The radiation field produces an ablation pressure of 100 Mbar which compresses the capsule to a spherical dense fuel shell that contains a hot plasma core 80 µm in diameter. The implosion core is observed with x-ray imaging diagnostics that provide size, shape, the absolute x-ray emission along with bangtime and hot plasma lifetime. Nuclear measurements provide the 14.1 MeV neutron yield from fusion of deuterium and tritium nuclei along with down-scattered neutrons at energies of 10-12 MeV due to energy loss by scattering in the dense fuel that surrounds the central hot-spot plasma. Neutron time-of-flight spectra allow the inference of the ion temperature while gamma-ray measurements provide the duration of nuclear activity. The fusion yield from deuterium-tritium reactions scales with ion temperature, which is in agreement with modeling over more than one order of magnitude to a neutron yield in excess of 1014 neutrons, indicating large confinement parameters on these first experiments.
One method to identify the factors that control ovarian function is to characterize the genes that are expressed in ovary. In the present study, cDNA libraries from fetal, neonatal, and prepubertal ...porcine ovaries, pubertal ovaries on different days of the estrous cycle (Days 0 follicle, 5, and 12 follicle and corpus luteum), and follicles isolated from weaned sows (diameter, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm) were constructed and sequenced. A total of 22 176 cDNAs were sequenced, of which 15 613 were of sufficient quality for clustering. Clustering of cDNAs resulted in 8507 contigs, 6294 (74%) of which were comprised of a single sequence. Sixty-eight percent of the contigs had consensus sequences that were homologous to existing Tentative Consensus (TC) sequences or mature transcripts (ET) in The Institute for Genomic Research Porcine Gene Index. The consensus sequences were classified according to the Gene Ontology Index. Most cDNA-encoded proteins were components of the nucleus, ribosome, or mitochondrion. The proteins primarily functioned in binding, catalysis, and transport. Nearly 75% of the proteins were involved in metabolism and cell growth and/or maintenance. Analysis of the cDNA frequency across different libraries demonstrated differential gene expression within different-size follicles, between follicles and corpora lutea, and across developmental time-points. The expression of selected genes (analyzed by ribonuclease protection assay and Northern blotting) was consistent with the frequency of their respective cDNA in the individual libraries. This porcine ovary unigene set will be useful for identifying factors and mechanisms controlling ovarian follicular development in a variety of species.
The Digital Public Domain Dulong de Rosnay, Melanie; De Martin, Juan Carlos; Nesson, Charles R
03/2012, Letnik:
2
eBook
Odprti dostop
Digital technology has made culture more accessible than ever before. Texts, audio, pictures and video can easily be produced, disseminated, used and remixed using devices that are increasingly ...user-friendly and affordable. However, along with this technological democratization comes a paradoxical flipside: the norms regulating culture's use —copyright and related rights —have become increasingly restrictive. This book brings together essays by academics, librarians, entrepreneurs, activists and policy makers, who were all part of the EU-funded Communia project. Together the authors argue that the Public Domain —that is, the informational works owned by all of us, be that literature, music, the output of scientific research, educational material or public sector information —is fundamental to a healthy society. The essays range from more theoretical papers on the history of copyright and the Public Domain, to practical examples and case studies of recent projects that have engaged with the principles of Open Access and Creative Commons licensing. The book is essential reading for anyone interested in the current debate about copyright and the Internet. It opens up discussion and offers practical solutions to the difficult question of the regulation of culture at the digital age. The free PDF edition of this title was made possible by generous funding received from the European Union (eContentplus framework project ECP-2006-PSI-610001).
The Digital Public Domain Dulong de Rosnay, Melanie; Martin, Juan Carlos De; Abelson, Hal ...
2012
Book
Odprti dostop
Digital technology has made culture more accessible than ever before. Texts, audio, pictures and video can easily be produced, disseminated, used remixed using devices that are increasingly ...user-friendly and affordable. However, along with this technological democratization comes a paradoxical flipside: the norms regulating culture's use — copyright and related rights — have become increasingly restrictive. This book brings together essays by academics, librarians, entrepreneurs, activists and policy maders, who were all part of the EU-funded Communia projetc. Together the authors argue that literature, music, the output of scientific research, educational material or public sector information — is fundamental to a healthy society. The essays range from more theoretical papers on copyright and the history of the public domain, to practical examples and case studies of recent projects that have engaged with the principles of Open Access and Creative Commons licensing. The Digital Public Domain opens up discussion and offers practical solutions to the difficult question of the regulation of culture in the digital age.
Grain produced from cereal crops is a major source of human and animal feed worldwide. To understand the genetic basis of seed size variation, a component trait of grain yield, we conducted a ...genome-wide scan to detect evidence of selection in the Krug Yellow Dent long-term selection experiment for small and large seed size. The empirically estimated effective population size of the selected populations was 369 individuals, and previous reports demonstrated significant phenotypic divergence between the populations. Allele frequency estimates for 3,090,214 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the base population and selected populations were estimated from pooled whole genome resequencing of 48 individuals per population. Using FST values across sliding windows, 94 highly divergent regions were identified with a median of six genes per region. Additionally, 2,729 SNPs were identified that reached fixation in both selected populations with opposing fixed alleles, many of which clustered in two large regions of the genome. Copy number variation was also highly prevalent between the selected populations, with 532 total regions identified from coverage variation and comparative genome hybridization. Overlap between regions identified in the long-term selection experiment and nearly half of the regions identified from natural genetic variation for seed weight were observed. The results of this study provide insights into the genetic elements underlying seed size variation in maize and other cereal crops. In particular, genes underlying regions identified in this study support previous reports on the importance of rate of developmental and seed composition to seed size variation.
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