•A comprehensive review on solar greenhouse dryer is presented.•Covers dryer design, mode of operation, product dried and energy aspects.•Summaries works reported on solar dryer integrated with PV ...and thermal storage.•Provides a summary on future direction of research on solar greenhouse dryer.
This article provides an extensive review on design, thermal modelling approaches, and economic, energy and environmental aspects of solar greenhouse dryers developed for drying various agricultural products. Further, the selection and usage of solar photovoltaic panels and thermal energy storage units in the solar greenhouse dryers for achieving continuous and grid-independent drying are discussed in detail. Performances of the various configurations/shapes of the greenhouse dryers in terms of energy requirements are compared. Thermodynamic and thermal modelling studies reported on the performance prediction of solar greenhouse dryers and drying kinetics studies on various agriculture products are summarised. A detailed report on the economic (payback time, cost of the greenhouse dryer, and product drying cost), energy (embodiment energy, specific energy consumption) and environmental (CO2 emission, CO2 mitigation, and carbon credit) aspects of the solar greenhouse dryer based on the dryer type, mode of operation and product dried are presented.
There is an increasing understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of magnetoelectric coupling and multiferroic order in both single-phase and composite materials. The investigations ...underlying this advance include a range of studies on thin films, which are expected to play an important role in the development of novel magnetoelectric devices. The properties of both single-phase and composite systems are widely studied. While single-phase materials can exhibit rich spin-charge coupling physics, the magnetizations, polarizations, and transition temperatures are often too small to be innately useful for device design. Conversely, a number of ferromagnetic–piezoelectric composites can show strong magnetoelectric coupling at ambient temperatures, which develops as a product-property mediated by elastic deformation, making these systems more directly amenable to fabricating devices. In this review, we provide a short overview of the mechanisms for magnetoelectric coupling in multiferroics, together with a discussion of how this magnetoelectric coupling is relevant for designing new multiferroic devices, including magnetic field sensors, dual electric and magnetic field tunable microwave and millimetre wave devices and miniature antennas. We present a brief summary of some of the significant results in studies on thin-film multiferroics, with an emphasis on single-phase materials, and covering systems where the magnetic and ferroelectric transitions fall at the same temperature as well as systems where they fall at different temperatures.
•A review on solar dryers integrated with thermal storage unit is presented.•Covers direct, indirect and mixed mode solar dryers in active and passive mode.•Summaries works reported on sensible and ...latent heat storage materials.•Provides a summary on future direction of research on solar dryers with TES.
Solar dryers utilise solar radiation for producing hot air to dry various food and agricultural products. The limitation of solar dryers is their inability to achieve continuous drying during off sunshine hours. Thus, solar dryers are integrated with thermal energy storage units to achieve continuous drying operation. The thermal energy storage unit employed in solar dryer consists of either sensible, latent heat storage systems or the combination of these two. The article provides an extensive review on the various sensible and latent storage units and materials used in different solar dryers viz., direct type, indirect and mixed-mode type dryers operated in both natural and forced convection. A detailed discussion on different dryer types, product dried, operating parameters, sensible and latent heat storage materials used, and their outcomes are reported and tabulated. Further, the article also provides a detailed summary on the implementation of thermal storage units in solar dryers. The future challenges and recommendations on the selection, implementation and testing of the thermal storage unit for different solar dryers are also reported.
Capacitor Allocation (CA) and Network Reconfiguration (NR) are the traditional methods extensively applied by the researchers for power loss reduction and node voltage improvement in radial ...Distribution Network (DN) for the past four decades. In recent years, simultaneous optimization of CA and NR is considered to maximize the power loss reduction in a proficient manner in comparison to individual optimization of CA and NR. To solve the objective functions, this work proposes an application of Autonomous Group Particle Swarm Optimization (AGPSO) by optimal allocation and sizing of capacitors with and without NR, under four different cases, subject to satisfying operating constraints. In addition, to ascertain the impact of real power injection on further power loss reduction, this work considers placement and sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) units from single to three optimal nodes in capacitive compensated optimal DN. This proposed methodology is demonstrated using standard IEEE 33 and 69 bus test system and the results obtained by each test case have been compared with other optimization techniques. A significant amount of power loss gets minimized after optimal DG allocation in reactive power compensated optimal DN.
Significant issues such as high-Power Loss (PLoss) and drop in node voltages in Electric Distribution Networks (EDNs) can be well mitigated using renowned techniques such as Alteration of Electric ...Distribution Network Switches (AEDNS), Optimal Capacitor Support (OCS), and Integration of Dispersed Generation (IDG), which are identified as the most economical and efficient approaches. This study presents the optimisation of AEDNS with and without OCS considering four different scenarios to maximise the profit through reduction in PLoss, which is regarded as the first-step process. To further increase profit, IDG was integrated into the EDNs after the combined optimisation of OCS and AEDNS. In this work, Levy Flight Mechanism (LFM) was incorporated into the Seagull Optimisation Algorithm (SOA) and applied to solve the objective function based on economics. The effectiveness of the presented methodology was evaluated and confirmed using a real 59-bus in Cairo, Egypt, EDN, as well as a conventional 33-bus test system. For each scenario, the PLoss reductions and net profit of the proposed methodology were contrasted with those obtained from previously reported approaches. The collected findings show that by optimising AEDNS, OCS, and IDG, the established methodology effectively yields more economic gain for all scenarios.
The current surge of interest in multiferroic materials demands specialized measurement techniques to support multiferroics research. In this review article we detail well-established measurement ...techniques of the magneto-electric coupling coefficient in multiferroic materials, together with newly proposed ones. This work is intended to serve as a reference document for anyone willing to develop experimental measurement techniques of multiferroic materials.
This book gives the reader a summary of the theory behind magnetoelectric phenomena, later introducing magnetoelectric materials and structures and the techniques used to fabricate and characterize ...them. Part two of the book looks at magnetoelectric devices. Applications include magnetic and current sensors, transducers for energy harvesting, microwave and millimeter wave devices, miniature antennas and medical imaging. The final chapter discusses progress towards magnetoelectric memory.
A paper-based device (PBD) for the detection of chlorpyrifos pesticide at field application was fabricated based on the principles of enzyme inhibition and image processing. Rhizopus niveus lipase, ...p-nitrophenol palmitate and Whatman No.1 paper were used as an enzyme, substrate and support matrix, respectively. The performance of functionalized PBD was tested for lateral flow assay reaction in pure water (negative control), artificial pesticide water (positive control) and selected fruits and vegetables wash water (test). The digital image of the PBD after the test was captured using an android smartphone and analyzed in MATLAB software. Different colour space models such as, grey, RGB, HSV and YCbCr were studied and the Cb coordinate was chosen for its higher linearity (R2 = 0.988) with pesticide concentration. Experimental variations such as paper length, relative concentration ratio of the substrate and enzyme were investigated to minimize the product cost and analysis time. The developed PBD showed a significant response over wide range of sample solution's pH and operational temperature. Further, a long-term storage stability was measured for developed PBD. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.065 mgL−1 and 0.198 mgL−1. The results obtained from newly developed image processing method showed 92.8% accuracy with microtiter plate assay. Higher MRL was determined in the wash water of cauliflower, grapes, coriander leaves, brinjal and bitter guard. Overall, the developed paper biosensor was precise, cost effective and most suitable for field applications.
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•Lipase embedded paper based device was fabricated to detect chlorpyrifos pesticide in water samples.•An image processing technique was implemented for the first time to monitor chlorpyrifos.•Presence of pesticide in selected fruits and vegetable wash water was tested as real time applications.•The proposed method showed least error percentage with the conventional microtiter plate assay method.•The functionalized paper based device showed very good storage stability and sensitivity.
Quantitative predictions of natural and induced phenomena in fractured rock is one of the great challenges in the Earth and Energy Sciences with far‐reaching economic and environmental impacts. ...Fractures occupy a very small volume of a subsurface formation but often dominate fluid flow, solute transport and mechanical deformation behavior. They play a central role in CO2 sequestration, nuclear waste disposal, hydrogen storage, geothermal energy production, nuclear nonproliferation, and hydrocarbon extraction. These applications require predictions of fracture‐dependent quantities of interest such as CO2 leakage rate, hydrocarbon production, radionuclide plume migration, and seismicity; to be useful, these predictions must account for uncertainty inherent in subsurface systems. Here, we review recent advances in fractured rock research covering field‐ and laboratory‐scale experimentation, numerical simulations, and uncertainty quantification. We discuss how these have greatly improved the fundamental understanding of fractures and one's ability to predict flow and transport in fractured systems. Dedicated field sites provide quantitative measurements of fracture flow that can be used to identify dominant coupled processes and to validate models. Laboratory‐scale experiments fill critical knowledge gaps by providing direct observations and measurements of fracture geometry and flow under controlled conditions that cannot be obtained in the field. Physics‐based simulation of flow and transport provide a bridge in understanding between controlled simple laboratory experiments and the massively complex field‐scale fracture systems. Finally, we review the use of machine learning‐based emulators to rapidly investigate different fracture property scenarios and accelerate physics‐based models by orders of magnitude to enable uncertainty quantification and near real‐time analysis.
Plain Language Summary
Some of the greatest challenges currently facing humanity have roots in the Earth and Energy Sciences. Policymakers rely on scientific research to answer questions related to the transition to green renewable energy, mitigate the climate crisis, and ensure global stability with reliable energy and water resources. A common thread in addressing these societal issues with far‐reaching economic and environmental impacts is the prediction of flow and transport in subsurface systems in the Earth, particularly in fractured rock. The need to predict, optimize and ultimately control fractured subsurface systems is an increasingly important topic, with 80% of the US energy resources and 50% of its drinking water supply coming from the subsurface. In this review, we describe the state‐of‐the‐art research on flow and transport in fracture systems and the path forward for the integration of field observations, laboratory experiments, predictive modeling, and uncertainty quantification to enable more efficient and environmentally prudent usage of critical subsurface resources.
Key Points
Understanding and predicting fractured systems requires integrating field and lab experiments, simulation and uncertainty quantification
Densely monitored field sites and in situ lab experiments provide quantitative measures of flow and transport that can constrain models
Physics‐based models with machine‐learning emulators enable uncertainty quantification of flow and transport in complex fracture networks
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