Hydrological responses corresponding to the agricultural land use alterations are critical for planning crop management strategies, water resources management, and environmental evaluations. However, ...accurate estimation and evaluation of these hydrological responses are restricted by the limited availability of detailed crop classification in land use and land cover. An innovative approach using state-of-the-art Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model is utilized by setting up the crop-specific vegetation parameterization and analyse the effect of uniform and heterogeneous agricultural land use over the hydrological responses of the basin, in the Kangsabati River Basin (KRB). Thirteen year simulations (1998–2010) based on two different scenarios i.e., single-crop in agricultural land use (SC-ALU) and multi-crop in agricultural land use (MC-ALU) patterns are incorporated in the model and calibrated (1998–2006) and validated (2007–2010) for the streamflow at Reservoir and Mohanpur in the KRB. The results demonstrated that the VIC model improved the estimates of hydrological components, especially surface runoff and evapotranspiration (ET) at daily and monthly timescales corresponding to MC-ALU than SC-ALU (NSC > 0.7). Grid-scale ET estimates are improved after incorporating heterogeneous agricultural land use (NSC > 0.55 and R
2
> 0.55) throughout the period of 1998–2010. This study improves our understanding on how the change in agricultural land use in the model settings alters the basin hydrological characteristics, and to provide model-based approaches for best management practices in irrigation scheduling, crop water requirement, and management strategies in the absence of flux towers, eddy covariance, and lysimeters in the basin.
The Himalayas constitute one of the richest and most diverse ecosystems in the Indian sub-continent. Vegetation greenness driven by climate in the Himalayan region is often overlooked as field-based ...studies are challenging due to high altitude and complex topography. Although the basic information about vegetation cover and its interactions with different hydroclimatic factors is vital, limited attention has been given to understanding the response of vegetation to different climatic factors. The main aim of the present study is to analyse the relationship between the spatiotemporal variability of vegetation greenness and associated climatic and hydrological drivers within the Upper Khoh River (UKR) Basin of the Himalayas at annual and seasonal scales. We analysed two vegetation indices, namely, normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) time-series data, for the last 20 years (2001–2020) using Google Earth Engine. We found that both the NDVI and EVI showed increasing trends in the vegetation greening during the period under consideration, with the NDVI being consistently higher than the EVI. The mean NDVI and EVI increased from 0.54 and 0.31 (2001), respectively, to 0.65 and 0.36 (2020). Further, the EVI tends to correlate better with the different hydroclimatic factors in comparison to the NDVI. The EVI is strongly correlated with ET with r2 = 0.73 whereas the NDVI showed satisfactory performance with r2 = 0.45. On the other hand, the relationship between the EVI and precipitation yielded r2 = 0.34, whereas there was no relationship was observed between the NDVI and precipitation. These findings show that there exists a strong correlation between the EVI and hydroclimatic factors, which shows that changes in vegetation phenology can be better captured using the EVI than the NDVI.
Estimation of terrestrial water budget at global and regional scales are essential for efficient agricultural water management, flood predictions, and, hydrological modeling. In hydrological ...modeling, it is a challenging task to quantify the major hydrological components like runoff, evapotranspiration (ET), and total water storage (TWS) due to improper and limited availability of detailed meteorological datasets. Furthermore, there has been no consensus to answer a-decade-long critical question that a less data-intensive models can be an alternate to robust data-intensive models in data scarce conditions. This study aims at multi-model approach over the single models usage for representing the hydrological behaviour in the Kangsabati River Basin (KRB), India. It is done by applying the standard model selection criteria over various hydrological models. Two hydrological models are selected, a semi- distributed model, Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC-3 L), and a conceptually lumped model, Identification of unit Hydrograph and Component flows from Rainfall, Evapotranspiration and Streamflow (IHACRES). Both models were calibrated against the observed daily discharge at the KRB outlet for the period of 2001–2006 and validated for 2008–2010. The results show that both VIC-3 L and IHACRES produce reasonable runoff estimates at daily and monthly time scale in the KRB. The ET estimates show that VIC-3 L and IHACRES captured the seasonal variations with the percent change of 0.4% and 6.6% respectively. As IHACRES is simpler, parsimonious, fewer parameters, and better performances, it can be useful for hydrological modeling in data-scarce regions.
Sexual and gender minority youth are at elevated risk for suicide. Studies have separately established the relation between minority stress and mental health symptoms, as well as minority stress and ...suicidality. However, no known research has simultaneously examined different mental health mechanisms whereby minority stress may be associated with different suicidal experiences (e.g., suicidal ideation, suicide attempts). The present study used data from a national sample of 572 sexual and gender minority youth aged 12 to 24 (mean age = 17.59; SD = 3.13) recruited from an LGBTQ youth-focused suicide crisis prevention provider. Nearly one-third of the sample (30.2%) identified as transgender, genderqueer, or questioning. Nearly one quarter of the sample (24.3%) identified as gay, 17.1% as pansexual, 16.8% as bisexual, and 15.2% as lesbian. Structural equation modeling was used for mediation analyses to explain suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Serial mediation models were determined to be the best fit for both suicide-related outcomes. Minority stress was associated with depressive and PTSD symptoms, which were linked with suicidal ideation and attempt through hopelessness. The findings supported the hypotheses that minority stress would be associated with suicidality not just directly, but also indirectly through multiple mental health symptom pathways.
The hardware Trojan threat has motivated development of Trojan detection schemes at all stages of the integrated circuit (IC) lifecycle. While the majority of existing schemes focus on ICs at ...test-time, there are many unique advantages offered by post-deployment/run-time Trojan detection. However, run-time approaches have been underutilized with prior work highlighting the challenges of implementing them with limited hardware resources. In this paper, we propose three innovative low-overhead approaches for run-time Trojan detection which exploit the thermal sensors already available in many modern systems to detect deviations in power/thermal profiles caused by Trojan activation. The first one is a local sensor-based approach that uses information from thermal sensors together with hypothesis testing to make a decision. The second one is a global approach that exploits correlation between sensors and maintains track of the ICs thermal profile using a Kalman filter (KF). The third approach incorporates leakage power into the system dynamic model and apply extended KF (EKF) to track ICs thermal profile. Simulation results using state-of-the-art tools on ten publicly available Trojan benchmarks verify that all three proposed approaches can detect active Trojans quickly and with few false positives. Among three approaches, EKF is flawless in terms of the ten benchmarks tested but would require the most overhead.
Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the important components of the hydrological cycle which is essential for sustainable water resource management and ecohydrological studies. Accurate estimation of ...ET is a crucial task in data-scarce regions due to limited meteorological variables. There exist a number of indirect methods among which the standard method for computing ET is FAO-56-Penman–Monteith (PM) method. However, due to paucity of flux data such as the components of net radiation, relative humidity, vapour pressure, and wind speed in many parts of the world, the use of standard benchmark method is limited. This limitation provides the widespread acceptance of the method which uses fewer variables and can give an accurate estimation of ET for water resource management. In this study, we have developed a framework to standardize the Hargreaves-based ET in the Kangsabati River basin. We utilize the weather datasets from six stations, namely Purulia, Bankura, Mohanpur, Jhargram, Kharagpur, and Midnapore to apply the ET standardization method. We have compared both the raw and corrected ET from Hargreaves with FAO-56-PM ET prior and after correction by using harmonization method. Performance evaluation of harmonization technique is done using statistical and graphical indicators for the duration of 2006–2010. It is observed that Purulia (
r
= 0.83 and
d
= 0.80) and Mohanpur (
r
= 0.85 and
d
= 0.87) stations are almost standardized appropriately on daily scale. Further, the highest
r
and
R
2
was obtained for Mohanpur station (
r
= 0.972;
d
= 0.940), while least for Jhargram station (
r
= 0.961;
d
= 0.741) at monthly scale. Overall, this approach can be used to provide the utility in data-scarce conditions irrespective of agro-climatic conditions.
Accurate information on potential evapotranspiration (PET) is mandatory for arid regions (such as Egypt) to assess crop water requirements. Such precision is limited by the dynamical downscaling ...options and the physical settings used in regional climate models (like the RegCM4). To address these issues, four simulations were run as part of the current study. The first two simulations take direct (DIR) and one-way nesting (NEST) into account, while the other two use two boundary layer techniques (HOLTSLAG; HOLT) and (the University of Washington; UW). All simulations were driven via an ERA-Interim reanalysis of 1.5 degrees. The simulated PET was evaluated for the high-resolution reanalysis gridded derived product of ERA5-Land (hereafter ERA5). The findings revealed no discernible difference between DIR and NEST regarding global incident solar radiation (RSDS). Also, NEST had a higher mean air temperature (TMP) than DIR. Additionally, UW had a lower TMP than HOLT, but switching between HOLT and UW did not significantly impact the simulated RSDS. Concerning PET, it is neither affected by DIR and NEST nor HOLT and UW. Such results suggest that the RSDS is the main driver in controlling PET variability, followed by TMP. Therefore, by using the DIR downscaling option and UW boundary layer scheme throughout the period of 1990–2020, as recommended by the World Meteorological Organization, the RegCM4 can be used to develop a regional PET map of Egypt.
This paper aimed to examine the association between digital sexual violence (threat to post or nonconsensual posting of sexually explicit media) and suicidal (ideation, planning, and attempt) and ...non-suicidal self-harm behavior. The data for the current analysis come from an online sample of sexual minority adolescents (aged 14–17) recruited from across the United States (n = 970). Multivariate logistic regressions were used to examine the association between digital sexual violence with suicide (ideation, planning, and attempt) and self-harm. In the sample, 9.1% of participants reported being threatened to have their sexually explicit media posted without their consent, while 6.5% reported their sexually explicit media had been posted without their consent. Threat to post sexually explicit media without consent was associated with higher odds of reporting suicidal ideation (odds ratio OR = 1.88), suicide plan (OR = 2.12), suicide attempt (OR = 3.56), and self-harm (OR = 1.96). While nonconsensual posting of sexually explicit media was associated with higher odds of reporting suicidal ideation (OR = 1.82) and suicide attempt (OR = 2.20). All models controlled for age, assigned sex at birth, sexual identity, and race and ethnicity. These findings underscore important considerations and future research directions. Given the associations between digital sexual violence and suicide risk among sexual minority adolescents, suicide prevention efforts with adolescents must be responsive to the needs of sexual minority adolescents and the changing landscape of sexual violence in digital spaces. Future research should examine the trajectories of digital sexual violence among adolescents and comparative analyses by demographic subgroups to better understand changes in these processes over time.
Behavioral health disparities (e.g., substance use, mental health) exist for gender nonconforming (GNC) and sexual minority youth; however, there is limited knowledge on disparities that may be ...unique among youth who identify as both a sexual and gender minority. This study utilized a diverse sample of GNC and cisgender sexual minority youth seeking crisis services to examine co-occurrence of behavioral health outcomes. Surveys were administered with youth (aged 12–24,
N
= 592), and latent class analyses were applied. Two latent class regression models were conducted to examine how gender and sexual identity separately (independent effect; Model 1) and configurations of gender and sexual identity (Model 2) predicted class membership. Analyses resulted in a four-class solution: High All (17.6%), High Substance Use and Moderate Mental Health (10.6%), Low All (20.1%), and High Suicide and High Mental Health (51.7%). In our first model, youth who identified as GNC had 2.11 higher odds of being in the High Suicide and High Mental Health class compared to the Low All class; however, sexual identity was not a significant predictor. In the second model, individuals identifying as GNC gay or lesbian or GNC pansexual had 1.95 and 2.57 higher odds, respectively, of being in the High Suicide and High Mental Health class compared to the Low All class. Our study suggests the information on gender and sexual identities together are more helpful in identifying youth at risk for co-occurring negative health outcomes. Implications for prevention approaches are described.
The identification of patients with advanced liver fibrosis secondary to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains challenging. Using non-invasive liver fibrosis tests (NILT) in primary care ...may permit earlier detection of patients with clinically significant disease for specialist review, and reduce unnecessary referral of patients with mild disease. We constructed an analytical model to assess the clinical and cost differentials of such strategies.
A probabilistic decisional model simulated a cohort of 1000 NAFLD patients over 1 year from a healthcare payer perspective. Simulations compared standard care (SC) (scenario 1) to: Scenario 2: FIB-4 for all patients followed by Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) test for patients with indeterminate FIB-4 results; Scenario 3: FIB-4 followed by fibroscan for indeterminate FIB-4; Scenario 4: ELF alone; and Scenario 5: fibroscan alone. Model estimates were derived from the published literature. The primary outcome was cost per case of advanced fibrosis detected.
Introduction of NILT increased detection of advanced fibrosis over 1 year by 114, 118, 129 and 137% compared to SC in scenarios 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively with reduction in unnecessary referrals by 85, 78, 71 and 42% respectively. The cost per case of advanced fibrosis (METAVIR ≥F3) detected was £25,543, £8932, £9083, £9487 and £10,351 in scenarios 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Total budget spend was reduced by 25.2, 22.7, 15.1 and 4.0% in Scenarios 2, 3, 4 and 5 compared to £670 K at baseline.
Our analyses suggest that the use of NILT in primary care can increases early detection of advanced liver fibrosis and reduce unnecessary referral of patients with mild disease and is cost efficient. Adopting a two-tier approach improves resource utilization.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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