The development of web applications essentially relies on users’ demands who expect highly efficacious but cost effective software services. Managing time and cost so as to develop web applications ...that cater to the users’ need is a challenge for developers at present. Moreover, low-cost maintenance can only be achieved by enhancing the durability of the web applications. Identifying characteristics of durability is a complex task because the different experts have different opinions regarding the significance of characteristics that determine durability quotient of the web applications. As established by the best practices undertaken in this context, some experts consider quality to be the most important factor for determining durability. Therefore, the present study enlists multi-criteria decision-based symmetrical technique to address the multi-vector option availability for the apt selection of the characteristics for durability. Furthermore, it has also been identified that a numerical assessment of web applications’ durability can affect the service life and low-cost management in web applications. In this context, to achieve high durability and longevity in web applications, this paper attempts to illustrate and perform a numerical evaluation of durability characteristics. By understanding the various characteristics and their significance towards durability, the paper finds that the hesitant fuzzy-based symmetrical technique of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is an effective methodology for evaluating web applications’ durability. For evaluating the quality of the results and establishing their sensitivity, the authors have assessed the outcomes on six different projects of the University. Additionally, results assessed and discussed in this paper would be a conclusive reference for the developers in their attempts to develop highly durable and manageable web applications.
•Potential of rice straw (RS) waste biomass materials as biofuels.•The average activation energy of rice straw (RS) waste biomass was 84–89 kJ/mol.•The maximum average methane concentration of 58.3% ...of rice straw in 35 days.•The higher heating value of rice straw around 12 MJ/Kg.
Present study of the biofuel potential of rice straw (RS) waste biomass materials. The average activation energy of rice straw was determined from KAS, FWO and Starink are 84.11, 89.62 and 84.52 kJ/mol, respectively. The characterized rice straw biomass has been tested for biogas potential under co-digestion mode of rice straw and cow dung in ratio 1/2. The maximum 339 ml/g Vs of biogas has been recorded in 35 days with CH4 concentration of 58.3%. The rest being CO2 as well as H2S has been found in trace amounts with observed 85% total solids and 74% volatile solids, present in rice straw.
Trivalent Al3+-doped samples of magnetite (Alx<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{\mathrm {Fe}}_{3-x}\text{O} </tex-math></inline-formula>4, <inline-formula> <tex-math ...notation="LaTeX">0.01\le x \le1.0 </tex-math></inline-formula>) were produced by wet chemical method. The X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the formation of a single-phase inverse spinel-type structure. Particles having spherical morphology and size range lying between 4 and 25 nm were observed during transmission electron microscopic investigation. Magnetic measurement displayed increase in saturation magnetization with a maximum value of ~62 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text{A}\cdot \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula>2/kg for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x =0.1 </tex-math></inline-formula>, and thereafter, it started decreasing with increased concentration of Al. The temperature during magnetic hyperthermia got stabilized near therapeutic range (~315 K) for the samples such as <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x =0.01 </tex-math></inline-formula>, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 at various external alternating current magnetic fields.
•Climate change impact evaluation was done under different RCP Scenarios.•Tmax affects the maize yield more than the Tmin for elevated CO2 levels.•Maize yield was reduced with increasing RCP for ...irrigated maize.•Dry matter increased with increasing RCP for irrigated and vice versa in rainfed.
Global climate change can harm the food production globally by varying intensity and frequency of rainfall, occurrence of extreme weather and increment in greenhouse gases. Increased occurrence of extreme climate events results in greater variability of agricultural production. In this study, the climate change impact evaluation was done by using CERES-maize model for maize yield and yield attributes for the projected time periods 2021–2050, and 2051–2080 by using different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 W/m2 respectively for eastern India, and the projected results were compared with the baseline scenario of 1982–2012. On comparison with the baseline (1982–2012) results, the change in yield recorded was −10.58%, −14.80%, −21.02%, and −23.39% respectively for the time slice 2021–2050, and −15.20%, −18.54%, −24.75%, and −26.83% respectively for the time slice 2051–2080 for irrigated condition. But, in rainfed condition, the change in yield recorded was higher of 10.55%, 9.20%, 8.13%, and 7.47% respectively with the time slice 2021–2050, while 10.63%, 6.65%, 7.47%, and 4.31% for the time slice 2051–2080. Study indicates the loss of grain yield is more for time period of 2051–2080 rather than the time period 2021–2050 under irrigated condition in comparison to the baseline yield, while in rainfed condition, the grain yield increased in both the time periods 2021–2050, and 2051–2080 which indicates that the increase in rainfall reduced the negative impact of temperature on the crop yield.
MOS-Only Memristor Emulator Srivastava, Pushkar; Gupta, R. K.; Sharma, R. K. ...
Circuits, systems, and signal processing,
11/2020, Letnik:
39, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Simple and integrable MOS-only memristor emulator circuits exploiting a dynamic threshold feature of MOSFET and requiring no DC bias have been presented here. The propositions herein require no ...external capacitors. In these two circuit propositions of floating and grounded memristor emulators, the static power consumption is zero. Theoretical justifications of the propositions have been validated by simulations carried out on the Cadence Virtuoso-Spectre tool with 180 nm CMOS GPDK parameters. Further, the experimental verification has also been done using ALD1116 and ALD1117 MOSFETs to demonstrate the practical viability of the memristor emulators of this communication.
Flue Gas Desulfurization: The State of the Art Srivastava, R. K.; Jozewicz, W.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995),
12/2001, Letnik:
51, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Coal-fired electricity-generating plants may use SO
2
scrubbers to meet the requirements of Phase II of the Acid Rain SO
2
Reduction Program. Additionally, the use of scrubbers can result in ...reduction of Hg and other emissions from combustion sources. It is timely, therefore, to examine the current status of SO
2
scrubbing technologies. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technologies for coal-fired boilers.
Data on worldwide FGD applications reveal that wet FGD technologies, and specifically wet limestone FGD, have been predominantly selected over other FGD technologies. However, lime spray drying (LSD) is being used at the majority of the plants employing dry FGD technologies. Additional review of the U.S. FGD technology applications that began operation in 1991 through 1995 reveals that FGD processes of choice recently in the United States have been wet limestone FGD, magnesium-enhanced lime (MEL), and LSD. Further, of the wet limestone processes, limestone forced oxidation (LSFO) has been used most often in recent applications.
The SO
2
removal performance of scrubbers has been reviewed. Data reflect that most wet limestone and LSD installations appear to be capable of ~90% SO
2
removal. Advanced, state-of-the-art wet scrubbers can provide SO
2
removal in excess of 95%.
Costs associated with state-of-the-art applications of LSFO, MEL, and LSD technologies have been analyzed with appropriate cost models. Analyses indicate that the capital cost of an LSD system is lower than those of same capacity LSFO and MEL systems, reflective of the relatively less complex hardware used in LSD. Analyses also reflect that, based on total annualized cost and SO
2
removal requirements: (1) plants up to ~250 MW
e
in size and firing low- to medium-sulfur coals (i.e., coals with a sulfur content of 2% or lower) may use LSD; and (2) plants larger than 250 MW
e
and firing medium- to high-sulfur coals (i.e., coals with a sulfur content of 2% or higher) may use either LSFO or MEL.
Experiments were conducted to study the regulatory role of salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), calcium (Ca
2+) and hydrogen peroxide (H
2O
2) on antioxidant enzymes induction in wheat genotypes ...C 306 and Hira. Results revealed that SA (1
mM), ABA (0.5
mM), Ca
2+ (5
mM) and H
2O
2 (0.05
mM) were most effective in increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), catalase (CAT) and NADPH oxidase. Hydrogen peroxide contents estimated immediately after termination of treatments also increased by all the treatments. The response was more with Ca
2+
+
ABA, followed by Ca
2+ alone, both in terms of antioxidant enzymes and H
2O
2 contents. EGTA, a calcium chelator, decreased the activity of all the antioxidant enzymes below control level as well as decreased H
2O
2 contents. Similarly, DPI, a specific inhibitor of membrane linked NADPH oxidase, not only inhibited NADPH oxidase activity, but also inhibited the increase of SOD and APOX activity. Results revealed that SA induced H
2O
2 accumulation in germinating seedlings was not associated with inhibition of CAT or APOX. It is suggested that abiotic stress signal is transduced via ABA, Ca
2+ and H
2O
2, which might be responsible for the activation of some common transcription factor associated with SOD, APOX and CAT.
Mechanical components are exposed to a rigorous environment in a number of applications including engineering, aerospace, and automobiles. Thus, their service lifetime and reliability are always on ...the verge of risk. Protective coatings with high hardness are required to enhance their service lifetime and minimize the replacement cost and waste burden. Hydrogenated amorphous carbon including nitrogen-incorporated films, that are commonly deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, are widely used for commercial protective coating applications. However, their mechanical hardness still falls into the moderate hard regime. This needs to be substantially enhanced for advanced applications. Here, we report the synthesis of very hard nanostructured hydrogenated carbon–nitrogen hybrid (n-C:H:N) films. The optimized n-C:H:N film displays a hardness of about 36 GPa, elastic modulus of 360 GPa, and reasonably good elastic recovery (ER) of 62.7%. The mechanical properties of n-C:H:N films are further tailored when nitrogen pressure is tuned during the growth. The realized remarkably improved mechanical properties are correlated with the films’ structural properties and experimental growth conditions. We also conducted density functional theory calculations that show the trend for the elastic modulus of the amorphous carbon films with varying nitrogen concentrations matches well with experimentally measured values. Finally, we probed load-dependent mechanical properties of n-C:H:N films and found an anomalous behavior; some of the mechanical parameters, for instance, ER, reveal an irregular trend with indentation load, which we explain in the framework of the film–substrate composite concept. Overall, this work uncovers many unknown and exciting mechanical phenomena that could pave the way for new technological developments.
•Study of spectral response of some crops under different fertilizer and irrigation.•Investigated robustness of VIs at leaf and canopy scale related to LCC and LAI.•Three optimal hyperspectral VIs ...were found to build SVR, PLSR, RFR, and HyFIS model.•Model performance for the crop parameters retrieval was evaluated using MAE and R2.•SVR-Rad outperforms rest of the models for LAI and LCC retrieval.
With the availability of high-resolution data due to sensor technology advancement, it is now easier for researchers and scientists to detect or view the spectral variability of different crops. For this study, Leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) and Leaf area index (LAI) of the crops Maize (Zea mays), Mustard (Brassica), and pink Lentils (Lens esculenta) under different irrigation and fertilizer treatments have been analyzed. In total, rigorous assessment of 25-hyperspectral vegetation indices (VIs) at both leaf and canopy level for chlorophyll content, whereas 7- hyperspectral VIs for LAI at canopy level were computed to investigate the robustness of these VIs for LCC and LAI assessment. Variable importance in projection (VIP) using Partial Least Square regression (PLSR) and coefficient of determination (R2) were computed for all the VIs to extract the most sensitive information for the retrieval of LCC and LAI. As a result, the VIs using the red-edge reflectance bands at 705 and 750 nm were found highly responsive to LAI compared to other wavebands. In contrast, the VIs indices made of green (550 nm), red (670, 690, and 700 nm), and red-edge (705, 750 nm) bands were found highly sensitive to the temporal LCC values of lentils and maize crop beds. In addition, the temporal LCC values of Mustard crop beds’ were found sensitive to the VIs made of green (550 nm), red (670, 690, and 700 nm), and NIR (800 nm) wavebands. The three VIs having high VIP and R2 values were selected as optimum sets of input to build support vector regression models using radial (SVR-Rad), linear (SVR-Li), polynomial (SVR-Poly), Random Forrest Regression (RFR), Partial least square regression (PLSR), and Hybrid neural fuzzy inference system (HyFIS). The analysis showed that the SVR-Rad model outperformed the SVR-Li, SVR-Poly, RFR, PLSR, and HyFIS models in terms of robustness for biophysical and biochemical parameters retrieval using hyperspectral data.
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