We present results on searches for point-like sources of neutrinos using four years of IceCube data, including the first year of data from the completed 86 string detector. The total livetime of the ...combined data set is 1373 days. For an E super(-2) spectrum, the observed 90% C.L. flux upper limits are ~10 super(-12) TeV super(-1) cm super(-2) s super(-1) for energies between 1 TeV and 1 PeV in the northern sky and ~10 super(-11) TeV super(-1) cm super(-2) s super(-1) for energies between 100 TeV and 100 PeV in the southern sky. This represents a 40% improvement compared to previous publications, resulting from both the additional year of data and the introduction of improved reconstructions. In addition, we present the first results from an all-sky search for extended sources of neutrinos. We update the results of searches for neutrino emission from stacked catalogs of sources and test five new catalogs; two of Galactic supernova remnants and three of active galactic nuclei. In all cases, the data are compatible with the background-only hypothesis, and upper limits on the flux of muon neutrinos are reported for the sources considered.
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 Japers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of ...gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on: Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters.
Observations of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECR) do not uniquely determine both the injection spectrum and the evolution model for UHECR sources--primarily because interactions during propagation ...obscure the early Universe from direct observation. Detection of neutrinos produced in those same interactions, coupled with UHECR results, would provide a full description of UHECR source properties.
ABSTRACT We present constraints derived from a search of four years of IceCube data for a prompt neutrino flux from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). A single low-significance neutrino, compatible with the ...atmospheric neutrino background, was found in coincidence with one of the 506 observed bursts. Although GRBs have been proposed as candidate sources for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, our limits on the neutrino flux disfavor much of the parameter space for the latest models. We also find that no more than ∼1% of the recently observed astrophysical neutrino flux consists of prompt emission from GRBs that are potentially observable by existing satellites.
Review of Particle Physics Nakamura, K
Journal of physics. G, Nuclear and particle physics,
2010, Letnik:
37, Številka:
7A
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This biennial
Review
summarizes much of particle physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 2158 new measurements from 551 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge ...bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. Among the 108 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on
neutrino mass, mixing, and oscillations, QCD, top quark,
CKM quark-mixing matrix,
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fragmentation functions, particle detectors for accelerator and non-accelerator physics, magnetic monopoles,
cosmological parameters, and big bang cosmology.
A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full
Review
. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website:
pdg.lbl.gov
.
This biennial
Review summarizes much of particle physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 2778 new measurements from 645 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge ...bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. Among the 108 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on CKM quark-mixing matrix,
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, top quark, muon anomalous magnetic moment, extra dimensions, particle detectors, cosmic background radiation, dark matter, cosmological parameters, and big bang cosmology.
A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full
Review. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website:
http://pdg.lbl.gov.
IceTop: The surface component of IceCube Abbasi, R.; Aguilar, J.A.; Ahlers, M. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
02/2013, Letnik:
700
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
IceTop, the surface component of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole, is an air shower array with an area of 1km2. The detector allows a detailed exploration of the mass composition of ...primary cosmic rays in the energy range from about 100TeV to 1EeV by exploiting the correlation between the shower energy measured in IceTop and the energy deposited by muons in the deep ice. In this paper we report on the technical design, construction and installation, the trigger and data acquisition systems as well as the software framework for calibration, reconstruction and simulation. Finally the first experience from commissioning and operating the detector and the performance as an air shower detector will be discussed.
The statistics of black holes and their masses strongly suggests that their mass distribution has a cut-off towards lower masses near 3 × 106 M⊙. This is consistent with a classical formation ...mechanism from the agglomeration of the first massive stars in the universe. However, when the masses of the stars approach 106 M⊙, the stars become unstable and collapse, possibly forming the first generation of cosmological black holes. Here, we speculate that the claimed detection of an isotropic radio background may constitute evidence of the formation of these first supermassive black holes, since their data are compatible in spectrum and intensity with synchrotron emission from the remnants. The model proposed fulfils all observational conditions for the background, in terms of single-source strength, number of sources, far-infrared and gamma-ray emission. The observed high-energy neutrino flux is consistent with our calculations in flux and spectrum. The proposal described in this paper may also explain the early formation and growth of massive bulge-less disc galaxies as derived from the massive, gaseous shell formed during the explosion prior to the formation of a supermassive black hole.
The experiment AMS on the International Space-Station has produced accurate cosmic ray spectra for many chemical elements, both primaries like He, C, O, Fe, other cosmic ray (CR) primaries like Ne, ...Mg, and Si, secondaries like Li, Be, B, and of mixed provenance, like N, Na, and Al. The AMS spectra demonstrate that interaction is seriously diminishing fluxes up to a rigidity of about 100 GV, and so the existing models for CR interaction have to be re-examined. Based on earlier well-established ideas a model is proposed here that focusses on the cosmic ray interaction first in the wind shock shell of super giant stars, when the supernova driven shock races through, and second in the OB-Superbubble surrounding the SN: These stars include both red super-giant stars and blue super-giant stars; both produce black holes in their explosion, and drive winds and jets with electric currents. Variability of these winds or jets gives rise to temporary electric fields, as has recently been demonstrated, and discharge (so lightning) acceleration gives steep spectra, with synchrotron losses to p−5 in momentum p; these spectra are typically observed in both Galactic and some extragalactic radio filaments. Analogous hadron spectra p−4 excite a flat spectrum of magnetic irregularities in the bubble zone, which in turn yields a steep dependence of residence time versus energy, with power −5/3. This spectrum is indicated by the AMS data and appears to be required to explain the CR spectra below 100 GV. The emphasis in this paper is to work out the interaction of the freshly accelerated cosmic ray particles. In the model presented here the interaction is derived as a function of time, and then integrated, or developed to long times. The model gives a rigidity dependence of the secondary/primary ratio of slope −1/3 as well as the strong reduction of the primary fluxes below a rigidity of about 100 GV, relative to a power-law injection spectrum, with slope +2. The two key aspects based on blue super-giant stars and a magnetic irregularity spectrum in the bubble zone given by lightning are (i) a much larger column of interaction, allowed because of heavy element enrichment of the interaction zone, and (ii) even He, C, and O may have a small secondary contribution, as the difference to the Fe spectrum suggests; this small secondary component is visible in the 3He/4He ratio. The model may also explain the spectrum of CR anti-protons, the gamma-ray spectra of the Galaxy and the high energy neutrino spectrum of our Galaxy, including also red super-giant stars as sources. ISM-SNe, i.e. SN Ia and neutron-star SNe, contribute to CR protons and CR He nuclei.
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