PurposeBased on the socioemotional selectivity theory, this study aims to explore the differential influences of control and commitment human resource (HR) practices on employee job crafting as well ...as the mediating role of occupational future time perspective (OFTP).Design/methodology/approachThis study used a two-wave design to survey 53 HR managers and 339 employees of 53 Chinese firms. The hypotheses were tested by conducting multilevel structural equation modeling in Mplus 7.4.FindingsThe results show that control HR practices are negatively related to job crafting, while commitment HR practices are positively related to job crafting. Further, control HR practices are negatively associated with the remaining opportunities dimension of OFTP, whereas commitment HR practices are positively associated with remaining opportunities. However, both types of HR practices have no significant relationship with the remaining time dimension of OFTP. Finally, remaining opportunities mediate the relationships between both types of HR practices and job crafting.Practical implicationsManagers should be aware of how to promote or inhibit employee job crafting by implementing different HR practices.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the job crafting research by demonstrating that the relationship between HR practices and job crafting depends on the type of HR practices in use, as well as contributing to OFTP research by showing that different types of HR practices have differential relationships with the remaining opportunities dimension of OFTP.
Next-generation 'smart' nanoparticle systems should be precisely engineered in size, shape and composition to introduce multiple functionalities, unattainable from a single material. Bottom-up ...chemical methods are prized for the synthesis of crystalline nanoparticles, that is, nanocrystals, with size- and shape-dependent physical properties, but they are less successful in achieving multifunctionality. Top-down lithographic methods can produce multifunctional nanoparticles with precise size and shape control, yet this becomes increasingly difficult at sizes of ∼10 nm. Here, we report the fabrication of multifunctional, smart nanoparticle systems by combining top-down fabrication and bottom-up self-assembly methods. Particularly, we template nanorods from a mixture of superparamagnetic Zn
Fe
O
and plasmonic Au nanocrystals. The superparamagnetism of Zn
Fe
O
prevents these nanorods from spontaneous magnetic-dipole-induced aggregation, while their magnetic anisotropy makes them responsive to an external field. Ligand exchange drives Au nanocrystal fusion and forms a porous network, imparting the nanorods with high mechanical strength and polarization-dependent infrared surface plasmon resonances. The combined superparamagnetic and plasmonic functions enable switching of the infrared transmission of a hybrid nanorod suspension using an external magnetic field.
Nanofabrication has limited most optical metamaterials to 2D or, often with multiple patterning steps, simple 3D meta-atoms that typically have limited built-in tunability. Here, with a one-step ...scalable patterning process, we exploit the chemical addressability and structural adaptability of colloidal Au nanocrystal assemblies to transform 2D nanocrystal/Ti bilayers into complex, 3D-structured meta-atoms and to thermally direct their shape morphing and alter their optical properties. By tailoring the length, number, and curvature of 3D helical structures in each meta-atom, we create large-area metamaterials with chiroptical responses of as high as ∼40% transmission difference between left-hand (LCP) and right-hand (RCP) circularly polarized light (ΔT = T RCP – T LCP) that are suitable for broadband circular polarizers and, upon thermally configuring their shape, switch the polarity of polarization rotation. These 3D optical metamaterials provide prototypes for low-cost, large-scale fabrication of optical metamaterials for ultrathin lenses, polarizers, and waveplates.
Although job crafting has many beneficial outcomes for organisations, research on the antecedents of this behaviour is lacking. Through a two‐wave study including 87 managers and 342 employees of ...nine Chinese firms, an integrated content and process model of human resource management (HRM) systems is developed and used to demonstrate that HRM systems have a crucial influence on employee job crafting. The results of multilevel structural equation models reveal that implemented HRM systems can increase employee task and relational crafting through the mediating effect of perceived HRM systems. Furthermore, the HRM system features of distinctiveness, consistency and consensus positively moderate the strength of the relationship between implemented and perceived HRM systems, as well as the indirect effect of implemented HRM systems on employee task and relational crafting.
Although the dominant view in the literature suggests that work-related anxiety experienced by employees affects their behavior and performance, little research has focused on how and when leaders’ ...workplace anxiety affects their followers’ job performance. Drawing from Emotions as Social Information (EASI) theory, we propose dual mechanisms of cognitive interference and emotional exhaustion to explain the relationship between leader workplace anxiety and subordinate job performance. Specifically, cognitive interference is the mechanism that best explains the link between leader workplace anxiety and follower task performance, while emotional exhaustion is the mechanism that best explains the link between leader workplace anxiety and follower contextual performance. Additionally, we examine how follower epistemic motivation serves as a boundary condition for the effect of leader anxiety on follower performance outcomes. Results from a 2-wave study of 228 leader-follower dyads in a high-tech company mostly supported our theoretical model. We conclude the study with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.
Abstract
Continuing extreme downscaling of semiconductor devices, essential for high performance and energy efficiency of future microelectronics, hinges on extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) and ...addressing associated challenges. One of such challenges is a need for improved EUV photoresists featuring simultaneously high sensitivity, resolution, and etch selectivity. Here, a new, positive‐tone, organic–inorganic hybrid EUV photoresist is demonstrated that delivers a high‐resolution EUVL and electron‐beam lithography (EBL) patterning capability combined with high sensitivity and etch resistance. The new resist, poly(methyl methacrylate) infiltrated with indium oxide (PMMA‐InO
x
), is synthesized via vapor‐phase infiltration (VPI), a material hybridization technique derived from atomic layer deposition. The weak binding of the gaseous indium precursor, trimethylindium, to the carbonyl group in PMMA allows the synthesis of hybrids with inorganic content distributed uniformly in the resist, enabling high EUVL and EBL sensitivities (18 mJ cm
−2
and 300 µC cm
−2
, respectively) and high‐resolution positive‐tone EUVL patterning (e.g., 40 nm half‐pitch line‐space and 50 nm diameter contact hole patterns) with high Si etch selectivity (>30–40). The low exposure doses required to pattern the PMMA‐InO
x
hybrid resist, high etch resistance, and processing strategies, which are developed, can pave the way for using infiltration‐synthesized hybrid thin films as reliable positive‐tone EUV photoresists for future semiconductor patterning.
Impedance analyzer measurements can be helpful in assessing inductor and transformer winding resistance and predicting winding loss, but the measured ESR does not directly correspond to winding ...resistance. Neglecting the effects of core loss and winding capacitance can yield significant errors in the prediction. A step-by-step method to account for such effects and extract winding resistance from an impedance measurement is described. The proposed methodology is applicable to both inductors and multi-winding transformers. Several measurements are needed in this method; one is to determine the effects of core loss and the others yield the impedance from which winding resistance is extracted to form a resistance matrix. The winding resistance of a transformer was determined experimentally and the interactions between the winding resistance, effects of core loss, winding capacitance and inductance and their contributions to the measured impedance are demonstrated.
Magnetics optimization is paramount to overall power converter optimization. We introduce a method of transformer optimization applied to the example of a GaN-based active-clamp flyback converter ...using waveforms produced by a circuit simulator, allowing us to account for frequency-dependent waveform changes. An optimization routine is then used to find the minimum loss transformer design for a given RM core and frequency. With this holistic design approach, design calculations predict a 42% reduction in average transformer loss and a 19% reduction in total circuit loss in an already high-performing stock converter module.
Resonant power conversion at MHz frequencies is useful for miniaturization of power electronics, but requires resonators or inductors with high efficiency. Because litz wire is not effective above ...several MHz, an alternative winding structure for inductors is required for operation at these frequencies. In this paper, we present resonators with a multi-layer foil winding which can be constructed using industry-standard polyimide laminates. The proximity effect losses are reduced due to current sharing between multiple conductor layers much thinner than a skin depth. The integrated capacitance of the resonator eliminates the need for a physical connection between the inductor and the capacitor required in a typical LC resonant tank. Low-loss NiZn ferrite cores were used to straighten field lines to reduce lateral current crowding. Prototypes of both parallel and series resonators achieved quality factors over 800 in the 7-9 MHz range, confirming the theoretical analysis of multi-layer foil windings.
Epitaxially regrown electrically pumped photonic crystal surface emitting lasers (PCSELs) operating near 2 µm were designed and fabricated within a III-V-Sb material system. A high-index-contrast ...photonic crystal layer was incorporated into the laser heterostructures by air-pocket-retaining epitaxial regrowth. Transmission electron microscopy studies confirmed uniform and continuous AlGaAsSb initial growth over the nano-patterned GaSb surface, followed by the development of the air-pockets. The PCSEL threshold current density had a minimal value of ~170 A/cm2 in the 160–180 K temperature range when the QW gain spectrum aligned with the Γ2 band edge of the photonic crystal. The devices operated in a continuous wave regime at 160 K. The divergence and polarization of the multimode laser beam emitted from the 200 µm × 200 µm PCSEL aperture were controlled by filamentation.
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