Drug acetylation plays an important role in the medical practice. Modern methods of acetylation phenotype prediction are based on genotyping of polymorphisms in the second exon of the gene
NAT2
. ...Some disadvantages of these methods limit their application in the clinical practice. We developed a method of human genotyping based on identification of
NAT2
gene polymorphism
rs1495741
by real-time PCR. This method of genotype determination has a number of advantages: high sensitivity, simplicity, possibility of automated interpretation of the results, and feasibility in clinical laboratories.
Abstract
In the article, the authors identify the features of the legal relationship that arises when concluding a contract for state and municipal needs. The authors conclude that this kind of ...specificity is related to the subject structure of this legal relationship, its object and the purpose that mediates the emergence of a contractual obligation: satisfaction of public needs and interests
The measurement of the level of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the blood is a difficult problem due to high variability of mitochondrial genes, deletions in the mitochondrial genome in some ...pathological conditions, different sources of mtDNA into the bloodstream (mtDNA from tissues, from blood cells,
etc
.). We designed primers and TaqMan probes for highly conserved regions of the
ND1
and
ND2
genes outside the mitochondrial deletions “hot zones”. For standardizing the technique, the true concentration of low-molecular-weight mtDNA was determined by real-time PCR for two targets: a fragment of the
ND2
gene (122 bp) and the
ND1
and
ND2
genes (1198 bp). The sensitivity and specificity of the developed approach were verified on a DNA pool isolated from the blood plasma of healthy donors of various nationalities. The concentration of low-molecular-weight mtDNA in the blood plasma of two patients with COVID-19 was monitored over two weeks of inpatient treatment. A significant increase in the content of low-molecular-weight mtDNA was observed during the first 5 days after hospitalization, followed by a drop to the level of healthy donors. The developed technique makes it possible to assess the blood level of low-molecular-weight mtDNA regardless of the quality of sampling and makes it possible to standardize this biological marker in a wide range of infectious and non-infectious pathologies.
Introduction
. The article considers the case, when no subject is present in an impersonal English sentence. Many linguists believe that the subject in this case is implicit, because the sentence ...preserves its predicativity. In addition, the subject “it” is sometimes substituted in impersonal English sentences by the formal particle “there”. However, the question whether this particle performs the function of subject is still open. That is why it is rather pertinent to consider all cases of subject, both explicit and implicit one, including the cases, when the sentence contains the formal particle “there”. The objective of this work is to build a formal logical model of implicit subject in impersonal English sentence. Implicit subject is often named as zero subject.
Methodology and sources.
The research methodology is based on traditional approaches towards studying the phenomenon of zero subject, as well as on the binomiality idea, having been developed since 1993 at ETU. On the material of English the status of the issue, whether it is eligible to consider the implicit subject as the zero one, is investigated. The examples illustrating the functional features of the implicit subject in English sentence were selected by means of the method of continuous sampling from 7 corpora. To represent the structural features of the implicit subject the method of formal logical modelling is applied.
Results and discussion.
The article presents the diversity of subject structures in English sentence. There is dealt with the question on the functions of the formal particle “there” in hypothetical comparison with the formal particle “it”. In this regard, a formal logical modelling of English subject is undertaken, for declarative and interrogative sentences. Herewith both independent and dependent sentences are modelled. Questions to the subject are out of the present consideration. The implicit subject has been assumed to be a “trace” of the explicit subject and may not be recognized as the absolute zero subject.
Conclusion.
Linguistics has elaborated a variety of original views on the reasons, why “incomplete” subjects emerge. Our language models allow, however, to come to more original and, as we hope, objective conclusions. Dependent on its environment the subject in English can be implicit fully or partly. If the subject is fully implicit, it is a strong or weak implicit semifinitive, fixed in the weak specifier. If the subject is partly implicit, it is a weak implicit semifinitive, fixed in the strong specifier. The English subject appears to be fully implicit much less frequent, than partly implicit. Making the subject fully implicit is possible by means of additional elements. Making the subject partly implicit is possible by means of the strong specifier “there”; no additional elements are then needed.
Background
. Klebsiella pneumoniae belongs to a group of opportunistic bacteria that can form multiple resistance to antibiotics and transmit it to various types of bacteria through horizontal gene ...transfer. These studies examine the structural and functional diversity of CRISPR/Cas systems that protect bacteria from foreign DNA. Their analysis using the example of antibiotic-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae will demonstrate their resistance to certain bacteriophages, which will make it possible to develop approaches to the treatment of complex infectious diseases caused by these microorganisms by creating targeted phage therapy.
The aim
. To perform a bioinformatics analysis of the identified structural components of CRISPR/Cas systems for screening bacteriophages through CRISPR cassette spacers using the example of antibiotic-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Materials and methods
. The article analyzed 29 full-genome sequences of Klebsiella pneumoniae, in the genome of which the structures of CRISPR/Cas systems and antibiotic resistance genes were determined (according to NCBI). To achieve this goal, using software modeling methods, a search was made for Cas genes and CRISPR cassettes, and their structural and functional characteristics were given.
Results
. Using bioinformatic search algorithms in the genome of antibiotic-resistant strains, functionally active CRISPR/Cas systems with the presence of one or two CRISPR cassettes and belonging to Type I Subtype IE were identified. Groups of resistant strains with identical spacer composition of CRISPR cassettes have been identified. A phylogenetic analysis was carried out confirming their common origin. By analyzing the spacer sequences of CRISPR cassettes, the spectrum of diversity of phages of bacteria of the genus Klebsiella, Salmonella, belonging to the same family Enterobacteriaceae, was determined. Thus, information was obtained about the bacteriophages that are targeted by the action of CRISPR systems of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains that have antibiotic resistance.
Conclusions
. Analysis of the functional and structural features of the CRISPR/Cas systems of antibiotic resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains made it possible to obtain information about their evolutionary history and about the bacteriophages against which their action is directed, that is, about their phage resistance. The approach used in this study may further serve as the basis for the creation of personalized phage therapy
Aim. To establish the main external and genetically determined risk factors for the development of hepatocellular cancer in the ethnic group of male Yakuts living in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) ...RS (Y) in the epidemiologically unfavorable conditions of the incidence of viral hepatitis. Materials and methods. A total of 97 male Yakuts were examined, including 44 people diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer and 53 people diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis. HCC risk factors were identified by analyzing medical records and questioning patients. In the experimental and control groups, genetic studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes mapped on the X-chromosome and involved in the activation of antiviral immunity along the TLR7 signaling pathway were performed. Results and discussion. In 100% of patients with hepatocellular cancer, infection with hepatitis B, C, D viruses or co - infection with these agents was detected. Every fourth patient with HCC in the RS (Y) was infected with hepatitis D. The course of hepatocellular cancer associated with HDV was characterized by rapid progression of liver cirrhosis, development of portal hypertension, bleeding from varicose veins of the stomach and esophagus (36.4%) and edematous ascitic syndrome (63.6%). In addition to viral agents, additional risk factors for liver cancer were identified, such as alcohol abuse, overweight, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. Among the studied variation sites of genes localized on the X-chromosome and encoding the reaction of innate antiviral immunity, no genetic marker was found with a sufficient degree of confidence determining the likelihood of hepatocellular cancer developing. Conclusions. The high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma of the male population in the RS (Y) is due to the widespread prevalence of parenteral viral hepatitis, especially viral hepatitis D. Due to the introduction of mass vaccination of the population against hepatitis B in the Russian Federation in the foreseeable future in the RS (Y) we should see a decrease in the proportion of hepatocellular cancer associated with hepatitis B and D viruses, and therefore the focus should be on the treatment and prevention of hepatitis C virus and non - infectious risk factors.
The frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms of IFNL3 gene (rsl12979860 and rs8099917) and dinucleotide polymorphism of IFNL4 gene (ss469415590) were estimated in healthy inhabitants of Mongolia ...and Irkutsk regions taking into account their races. Population and genetic studies were performed in 1520 conventionally healthy volunteers (blood donors), representatives of Caucasian and Mongoloid races. Significant race-related differences in the incidence of IFNL3 and IFNL4 gene polymorphisms associated with spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus were found in healthy volunteers.
—This paper describes the first Na-dominant member of the beryl group, named avdeevite. The sample, which became its holotype, was found in a granitic pegmatite at the Kat Chay (Palelni) mine near ...the town of Momeik, Kyaukme district, Shan State, Myanmar. Both avdeevite and beryl form sheaflike aggregates up to 4 cm, consisting of hexagonal prismatic crystals up to 1 сm long and up to 1 mm thick. These crystals consist of epitactically intergrown avdeevite (core) and beryl (rim). The new mineral is pink and transparent with vitreous luster. The Mohs hardness is 8,
D
meas
= 2.89(2) and
D
calc
= 2.875 g/cm
3
. Avdeevite is optically uniaxial (–), ω = 1.601(2), ε = 1.594(2); in transmitted light, the mineral is colorless and nonpleochroic. The chemical composition of holotype (electron microprobe, Be, Li and H by ion microprobe) is, wt %: 61.06 SiO
2
, 17.40 Al
2
O
3
, 8.58 BeO, 1.77 Na
2
O, 0.09 K
2
O, 6.44 Cs
2
O, 1.38 Rb
2
O, 2.51 Li
2
O, 0.42 H
2
O; the total is 99.63. The empirical formula is (Na
0.34
Cs
0.27
H
2
O
0.14
Rb
0.09
K
0.01
)
Σ0.85
(Be
2.04
Li
1.00
)
Σ3.04
Al
2.03
Si
6.03
O
18
. Taking into account the previously published data for samples with compositions corresponding to avdeevite, the simplified formula of this mineral may be most correctly written as: (Na,
R
')
0.5–1
(H
2
O)
y
{(Be,Li)
3
(Al,
M
2+
)
2
Si
6
O
18
},
y
≤ 1,
R
' = Cs, Rb, K, Ca,
M
2+
= Fe, Mg, Mn. The crystal structure has been studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,
R
= 0.0322. The mineral is hexagonal, space group
P
6
/mcc
. The unit-cell parameters are:
a
= 9.2287(4) Å,
c
= 9.2610(3) Å,
V
= 683.07(5) Å
3
, and
Z
= 2. The strongest reflections of the XRD pattern are
d
meas
, Å (
I
, %) (
hkl
): 7.96 (82) (100), 4.60 (31) (002), 3.99 (102) (200), 3.26 (100) (112), 3.02 (37) (202) (210), 2.866 (84) (211), 1.742 (19) (304) (410). Avdeevite belongs to the beryl structural type. This mineral differs from beryl sensu stricto in that the total large cations in channels exceeds 0.5 apfu and Na dominates among these cations. Avdeevite is named after Ivan Vasil’evich Avdeev (1818–1865), the renowned Russian chemist and mining engineer, who led the major studies of natural and synthetic beryllium compounds. The paper also contains data on the history of Na-bearing beryls including previously described samples, which correspond to avdeevite.
This paper presents the results of the 4th International Comparison of in vitro electron paramagnetic resonance dosimetry with tooth enamel, where the performance parameters of tooth enamel dosimetry ...methods were compared among sixteen laboratories from all over the world. The participating laboratories were asked to determine a calibration curve with a set of tooth enamel powder samples provided by the organizers. Nine molar teeth extracted following medical indication from German donors and collected between 1997 and 2007 were prepared and irradiated at the Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen. Five out of six samples were irradiated at 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 Gy air kerma; and one unirradiated sample was kept as control. The doses delivered to the individual samples were unknown to the participants, who were asked to measure each sample nine times, and to report the EPR signal response, the mass of aliquots measured, and the parameters of EPR signal acquisition and signal evaluation. Critical dose and detection limit were calculated by the organizers on the basis of the calibration-curve parameters obtained at every laboratory. For calibration curves obtained by measuring every calibration sample three times, the mean value of the detection limit was 205 mGy, ranging from 56 to 649 mGy. The participants were also invited to provide the signal response and the nominal dose of their current dose calibration curve (wherever available), the critical dose and detection limit of which were also calculated by the organizers.
The emergence of resistance among the most important bacterial pathogens is generally recognized as one of the major public health problems. The most important of these organisms are ...penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. These antibiotic resistance in common pathogens have made antimicrobial therapy of many infections. Scientists need to look for new ways of treating bacterial infections in the work, using the developed algorithm from the methods of search software in the genomic structure of Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus ST228, the CRISPR/Cas locus and the division structures of its CRISPR cassette. The results of the bacteriophage search through the decoded spacer sequences of CRISPR-cassettes of this strain were also obtained using the developed algorithm of the software methods of bioinformatics. It was determined that the CRISPR/Cas system of strain of ST228 of S. aureus was of type IIIA. It is shown that cas-genes are in the immediate vicinity of CRISPR cassettes. The spacer structures in the detected CRISPR cassette are the Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Gordonia, Arthrobacter, Streptomyces. The implementation of the algorithm of program methods for locating CRISPR/Cas-loci can be applied to many other decoded bacterial genomes to return bacteriophage therapy.
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