Workup in organic synthesis can be very time-consuming, particularly when using reagents with both a solubility similar to that of the desired products and a tendency not to crystallize. In this ...respect, reactions involving organic bases would strongly benefit from a tremendously simplified separation process. Therefore, we synthesized a derivative of the superbasic proton sponge 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (DMAN) and covalently linked it to the strongest currently available nanomagnets based on carbon-coated cobalt metal nanoparticles. The immobilized magnetic superbase reagent was tested in Knoevenagel- and Claisen–Schmidt-type condensations and showed conversions of up to 99%. High yields of up to 97% isolated product could be obtained by simple recrystallization without using column chromatography. Recycling the catalyst was simple and fast with an insignificant decrease in catalytic activity.
We examine the 4 recognized varieties of Penstemon scariosus that constitute a complex of related taxa that share overlapping morphological characters: namely varieties albifluvis, cyanomontanus, ...garrettii, and scariosus. Modern taxonomic descriptions and associated keys are not in complete agreement on how to clearly delineate these varieties. It is particularly important to understand the taxonomic circumscription of variety albifluvis, since it is being considered for listing under the Endangered Species Act. To address the taxonomic position of taxa in this species complex, we examine the genetic structure of 66 accessions of P. scariosus, representing the 4 known varieties, across its entire known geographic range using 10 SSR (microsatellite) markers. We also examine plant morphology of these taxa from 264 herbarium specimens. The results of our molecular and morphological studies give rise to 4 conclusions. First, due to the genetic distinctiveness of P. scariosus var. albifluvis and its geographical isolation, we consider conserving its original status at the species level. Second, our molecular study suggests that the geographic area for var. cyanomontanus is much larger than previously understood, consisting of plants and populations with or without the characteristic glandular hairs that have been used to identify that taxon. Third, both our molecular and morphometric data suggest that varieties garrettii and scariosus are not reliably separable and should be considered the same taxon. Finally, our molecular data reveal a distinct genotype from the Tabby Mountain, Utah, area that has not previously been given taxonomic recognition. We describe this new taxon and provide a taxonomic key to separate this new variety from the other members of the species complex. Examinamos las cuatro variedades reconocidas de Penstemon scariosus que comprenden un complejo de taxones relacionados que comparten caracteres morfológicos superpuestos: las variedades albifluvis, cyanomontanus, garrettii y scariosus. Las descripciones taxonómicas modernas y las claves asociadas no están completamente de acuerdo en cómo delimitar claramente estas variedades. Resulta especialmente importante entender la circunscripción taxonómica de la variedad albifluvis, debido a que se ha considerado su inclusión en la Ley de Especies Amenazadas. Para abordar la posición taxonómica de los taxones en este complejo de especies, examinamos la estructura genética de 66 registros de P. scariosus que representan las cuatro variedades reconocidas dentro de su área de distribución geográfica conocida, utilizando diez marcadores SSR (microsatélites). También examinamos la morfología vegetal de estos taxones a partir de 264 especímenes de herbario. Los resultados de nuestros estudios moleculares y morfológicos dan lugar a cuatro conclusiones. En primer lugar, debido al carácter genético distintivo de P. scariosus var. albifluvis y a su aislamiento geográfico, consideramos conservar su estado original a nivel de especie. En segundo lugar, nuestro estudio molecular sugiere que el área geográfica de la var. cyanomontanus es mucho mayor de lo que se conocía hasta ahora, y que consta de plantas y poblaciones con o sin tricomas glandulares característicos que se han utilizado para identificar ese taxón. En tercer lugar, tanto nuestros datos moleculares como morfométricos sugieren que las variedades garrettii y scariosus no se pueden separar de forma confiable y deberían considerarse el mismo taxón. Por último, nuestros datos moleculares revelan un genotipo distinto de la zona de Tabby Mountain, UT, que no ha sido reconocido taxonómicamente con anterioridad. Describimos este nuevo taxón y proporcionamos una clave taxonómica para separar esta nueva variedad de los otros miembros del complejo de especies.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Penstemon × jonesii is described as having flowers with the colors of “Tyrian rose,” “amaranth purple,” or “red-purple to maroon.” It has been recorded only in localized areas of southwestern Utah ...and just over the border of Arizona, where both putative parents commonly occur in sandy soils. Penstemon × jonesii has been reported and widely accepted as a natural hybrid of P. laevis × P. eatonii, though no research has been conducted to verify this assumption. We examined claims of its hybrid origin by making interspecific reciprocal first-generation hybrid plants from the 2 suspected parental species (P. eatonii and P. laevis) as well as by making second-generation hybrids through backcrossing to both parental species. Using 9 Penstemon simple sequence repeat (SSR), or microsatellite, markers, we examined the allelic variation among natural populations of P. × jonesii, P. eatonii, and P. laevis in southwestern Utah. These SSR data, in conjunction with our controlled crosses, support claims that P. × jonesii likely descends from hybridization events between P. eatonii and P. laevis. Flower color of the typical P. × jonesii reported in the literature and found in herbarium samples does not resemble the flower color of F1P. eatonii × P. laevis hybrids from our controlled crosses. However, in subsequent controlled backcrossing of the F1 hybrids to P. eatonii, we found blossom morphotypes and corolla colors matching previous descriptions of P. × jonesii. We also observed many hybrids with lighter corolla colors, such as light pinks, pinkish yellows, and lavender, which are not recorded in the literature or found in herbarium specimens. Field surveys for natural color variation in P. × jonesii populations also revealed greater flower color variation than previously reported, which should be considered as part of this hybrid taxa as well, though the predominant floral colors of P. × jonesii are “Tyrian rose,” “amaranth purple,” and “red-purple to maroon,” which suggests some selective bias. We suggest that pollinator preference for dark red to purple blooms may be responsible for this phenomenon.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary
Background
Insufficient evidence exists to support obesity prevention in paediatric primary care.
Objectives
To test a theory‐based behaviour modification intervention delivered by trained ...paediatric primary care providers for obesity prevention.
Methods
Efficacy trial with cluster randomization (practice level) and a 12‐session 12‐month sweetened beverages decrease intervention or a comprehensive dietary and physical activity intervention, compared with a control intervention among children ages 8–12 years.
Results
A low recruitment rate was observed. The increase in body mass index z‐score (BMIz) for the 139 subjects (11 practices) randomized to any of the two obesity interventions (combined group) was less than that of the 33 subjects (five practices) randomized to the control intervention (−0.089, 95% confidence interval CI: −0.170 to −0.008, P = 0.03) with a −1.44 kg weight difference (95% CI: −2.98 to +0.10 kg, P = 0.095). The incidences of obesity and excess weight gain were lower in the obesity interventions, but the number of subjects was small. Post hoc analyses comparing the beverage only to the control intervention also showed an intervention benefit on BMIz (−0.083, 95% CI: −0.165 to −0.001, P = 0.048).
Conclusions
For participating families, an obesity prevention intervention delivered by paediatric primary care clinicians, who are compensated, trained and continuously supported by behavioural specialists, can impact children's BMIz.
Penstemon x jonesii is described as having flowers with the colors of "Tyrian rose," "amaranth purple," or "red-purple to maroon." It has been recorded only in localized areas of southwestern Utah ...and just over the border of Arizona, where both putative parents commonly occur in sandy soils. Penstemon x jonesii has been reported and widely accepted as a natural hybrid of P. laevis x P. eatonii, though no research has been conducted to verify this assumption. We examined claims of its hybrid origin by making interspecific reciprocal first-generation hybrid plants from the 2 suspected parental species (P. eatonii and P. laevis) as well as by making second-generation hybrids through backcrossing to both parental species. Using 9 Penstemon simple sequence repeat (SSR), or microsatellite, markers, we examined the allelic variation among natural populations of P x jonesii, P. eatonii, and P. laevis in southwestern Utah. These SSR data, in conjunction with our controlled crosses, support claims that P. x jonesii likely descends from hybridization events between P. eatonii and P. laevis. Flower color of the typical P x jonesii reported in the literature and found in herbarium samples does not resemble the flower color of F.sub.1 P. eatonii x P. laevis hybrids from our controlled crosses. However, in subsequent controlled backcrossing of the F.sub.1 hybrids to P. eatonii, we found blossom morphotypes and corolla colors matching previous descriptions of P. x jonesii. We also observed many hybrids with lighter corolla colors, such as light pinks, pinkish yellows, and lavender, which are not recorded in the literature or found in herbarium specimens. Field surveys for natural color variation in P. x jonesii populations also revealed greater flower color variation than previously reported, which should be considered as part of this hybrid taxa as well, though the predominant floral colors of P. x jonesii are "Tyrian rose," "amaranth purple," and "red-purple to maroon," which suggests some selective bias. We suggest that pollinator preference for dark red to purple blooms may be responsible for this phenomenon. La planta Penstemon x jonesii, caracterizada por sus flores color "rosa de Tyria", "violeta amaranto" o "rojo avioletado a rojo oscuro". Ha sido registrada, unicamente, en determinadas areas del suroeste de Utah y en suelos arenosos de la frontera de Arizona, donde es posible encontrar a sus presuntas especies parentales. Penstemon x jonesii ha sido documentada y ampliamente aceptada como un hibrido natural de P. laevis x P. eatonii. Sin embargo, no se han llevado a cabo investigaciones que verifiquen tal aseveracion. Con el fin de, confirmar su origen hibrido cultivamos plantas hibridas reciprocas interespecificas de primera generacion de las dos supuestas especies parentales (P. eatonii y P. laevis), e hibridos de segunda generacion, a traves del retrocruzamiento de ambas especies parentales. Utilizando nueve marcadores de secuencia repetida simple (SSR, por sus siglas en ingles) o microsatelites, examinamos la variacion alelica entre las poblaciones naturales de P x jonesii, P. eatonii y P. laevis al suroeste de Utah. Estos datos de SSRs, junto con nuestros resultados de cruces controlados, respaldan las aseveraciones de que P x jonesii probablemente desciende de eventos de hibridacion entre P. eatonii y P. laevis. El tipico P x jonesii que encontramos en la literatura y en muestras de herbario no se parece al color de la flor de los hibridos F.sub.1 P. eatonii x P. laevis de nuestros cruces control. Sin embargo, en los subsecuentes retrocruzamientos controlados de los hibridos F.sub.1 a P. eatonii, hallamos morfotipos florales y colores de corola coincidentes con las descripciones previas de P x jonesii. Tambien, observamos muchos hibridos con corolas de colores mas palidos, tales como rosa claro, amarillo rosado y lavanda, que no estan documentados en la literatura o en ejemplares de herbario. Muestreos de campo relacionados a la variacion del color natural de las poblaciones de P x jonesii tambien, revelaron una mayor variacion respecto al color de las flores anteriormente reportadas, que deben considerarse como parte de este taxon hibrido, aunque los colores florales predominantes continuen siendo "rosa de Tyria", "violeta amaranto" y "rojo avioletado a rojo oscuro", lo cual indicaria un sesgo selectivo. Sugerimos que la preferencia de los polinizadores por las flores de color rojo oscuro a morado puede ser la responsable de este fenomeno.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Eating in the absence of hunger is a risk factor for overeating during childhood. The objective of this study was to examine eating in the absence of hunger in adolescents based on their ...familial predisposition to obesity and current weight status. Thirty-one subjects (16 male, 15 female), who were 13 years of age and born at low risk or high risk for obesity, consumed lunch to fullness. After lunch, subjects had access to different snacks for 15 minutes. Eating in the absence of hunger referred to energy intake from the snacks. Low-risk females consumed two and a half times more calories from snacks than high-risk females and twice as many calories as low-risk and high-risk males when expressed as an individualized percentage of daily allowance for discretionary calories. Normal-weight females consumed two and a half times more calories from snacks than obese females and normal-weight males. The association between eating in the absence of hunger and weight and obesity risk status depended on adolescents' sex and could reflect emerging developmental differences, such as dieting or social desirability.
is the causal agent of fire blight, a devastating disease affecting some plants of the
family. We isolated bacteriophages from samples collected from infected apple and pear trees along the Wasatch ...Front in Utah. We announce 19 high-quality complete genome sequences of
bacteriophages.
Coupling of C9 - 14 (4) and C15 - 21 (5a) fragments to produce the cis-trisubstituted olefin was achieved using Suzuki-type coupling conditions employed by Marshall (5a/tert-BuLi/B-OMe-9-BBN added to ...4/Cs2CO3/Pd(dppf)2). The terminal (Z)-diene moiety was attached to aldehyde 10 by using a sequential Nozaki−Hiyama allylation and Peterson olefination sequence; careful monitoring of the disappearance of both diastereomeric β-hydroxysilanes was found to be essential for achieving a high yield. In the oxidation of alcohols 12 and 16 to 13 and 7, respectively, using iodobenzene diacetate and TEMPO, addition of a trace of water was found to be crucial for complete conversion. The C8 - 9 (Z)-olefin functionality was introduced on to aldehyde 13 using a Still−Gennari HWE reaction. Subsequent carbamate installation at C-19 followed by a reduction/oxidation sequence gave the title fragment C7 - 24 (7) ready to be coupled with the C1 - 6 fragment, which is described in Part 2 of this series.
PDF
