A series of novel heteroditopic halogen bonding (XB) receptor functionalised silica based materials, containing mono‐ and bis‐iodotriazole benzo‐15‐crown‐5 groups are investigated for the cooperative ...binding and extraction of sodium halide ion‐pair species from aqueous solution. Characterisation of the XB materials by CHN elemental analysis, 13C CP/MAS NMR and ATR‐FTIR spectroscopies confirms and quantifies the successful incorporation of the ion‐pair receptor frameworks to the silica material. ICP‐MS solid‐liquid extraction studies demonstrate the bidentate XB functionalised material is capable of NaI extraction from water. Importantly, cooperative XB‐mediated sodium halide ion‐pair binding is determined to be crucial to the material's extraction capabilities, impressively demonstrating a two‐fold enhancement in sodium iodide extraction efficiency relative to a heteroditopic hydrogen bonding receptor functionalised silica material analogue.
A series of halogen bonding (XB) heteroditopic ion‐pair receptors comprising of benzo15‐crown‐5 cation binding moieties and iodotriazole XB donors are covalently integrated into silica QuadraSilTM based solid supports. Investigations into their sodium halide extraction capabilities demonstrated their ability as NaI extraction agents from water. Comparison with HB analogues demonstrate the crucial role of XB‐mediated NaI ion‐pair binding in the extraction performance.
OBJECTIVE:This study estimates current and projects future neurologist supply and demand under alternative scenarios nationally and by state from 2012 through 2025.
METHODS:A microsimulation supply ...model simulates likely career choices of individual neurologists, taking into account the number of new neurologists trained each year and changing demographics of the neurology workforce. A microsimulation demand model simulates utilization of neurology services for each individual in a representative sample of the population in each state and for the United States as a whole. Demand projections reflect increased prevalence of neurologic conditions associated with population growth and aging, and expanded coverage under health care reform.
RESULTS:The estimated active supply of 16,366 neurologists in 2012 is projected to increase to 18,060 by 2025. Long wait times for patients to see a neurologist, difficulty hiring new neurologists, and large numbers of neurologists who do not accept new Medicaid patients are consistent with a current national shortfall of neurologists. Demand for neurologists is projected to increase from ∼18,180 in 2012 (11% shortfall) to 21,440 by 2025 (19% shortfall). This includes an increased demand of 520 full-time equivalent neurologists starting in 2014 from expanded medical insurance coverage associated with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
CONCLUSIONS:In the absence of efforts to increase the number of neurology professionals and retain the existing workforce, current national and geographic shortfalls of neurologists are likely to worsen, exacerbating long wait times and reducing access to care for Medicaid beneficiaries. Current geographic differences in adequacy of supply likely will persist into the future.
ABSTRACT
In April 2020, a newly recognized pediatric disorder associated with COVID‐19 characterized by significant inflammation with symptoms resembling Kawasaki disease was described by medical ...teams in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Italy. Before these reports, data from the initial COVID‐19 outbreaks in China had not found the virus to cause significant morbidity or mortality in children. To date, pancreatitis has not yet been reported in either acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in children or the subsequent inflammatory syndrome. We describe a patient who presented with acute pancreatitis before rapidly progressing to multisystem organ dysfunction consistent with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children due to COVID‐19. Clinicians should be aware that in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic, pancreatitis can be an early presentation of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.
The 2016 introduction of a Real Estate sector to the Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) provides a natural experiment for studying how industry classification systems impact firms. This ...study uncovers significant abnormal returns of 2.31% and 2.49% for real estate investment trusts (REITs) around two distinct announcements of the classification restructuring. This supports the theory of decreasing asymmetric information occurring with the increase in sector transparency. Cross-sectional regressions show higher abnormal returns for REITs of medium cap size, with lower leverage, and with more institutional ownership (IO). The study also tests for changes in IO levels after the event using 13-F filings. A difference-in-difference estimation reveals a lower count of owners and percent of shares held by IOs in the postreclassification period compared to a matched sample of peer firms. Evidence emerges that refutes the common industry refrain of a rise in REIT IO following the classification restructuring.
Drug safety remains a high profile issue at a time when the cost and time required to develop a new drug are at an all time high. Balancing risk against the expected clinical benefit is the primary ...purpose of preclinical and clinical testing. We offer an expanded view on the application of predictive strategies and technologies to early safety decisions and suggestions to narrow the focus for improving preclinical safety testing to the problems that contribute most to adverse drug reactions.
The emergence of the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic and airborne particulate matter (PM) pollution has led to remarkably high demand for face masks. However, conventional respirators are intended for single use ...and made from nondegradable materials, causing serious concern for a plastic‐waste environmental crisis. Furthermore, these facemasks are weakened in humid conditions and difficult to decontaminate. Herein, a reusable, self‐sustaining, highly effective, and humidity‐resistant air filtration membrane with excellent particle‐removal efficiency is reported, based on highly controllable and stable piezoelectric electrospun poly (l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofibers. The PLLA filter possesses a high filtration efficiency (>99% for PM 2.5 and >91% for PM 1.0) while providing a favorable pressure drop (≈91 Pa at normal breathing rate) for human breathing due to the piezoelectric charge naturally activated by respiration through the mask. The filter has a long, stable filtration performance and good humidity resistance, demonstrated by a minimal declination in the filtration performance of the nanofiber membrane after moisture exposure. The PLLA filter is reusable via common sterilization tools (i.e., an ultrasonic cleaning bath, autoclave, or microwave). Moreover, a prototype of a completely biodegradable PLLA nanofiber‐based facemask is fabricated and shown to decompose within 5 weeks in an accelerated degradation environment.
The piezoelectric nanofibers of poly (l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) are employed to fabricate a reusable, moisture‐resistant, and highly effective facemask filter with long‐term biodegradability. The PLLA filter could offer an eco‐friendly solution to preventing the transmission of highly infectious viruses and resolving the environmental crisis caused by the massive use of current permanent plastic facemask filters.
New technologies are urgently required for rapid surveillance of the current H5N1 avian influenza A outbreaks to gauge the potential for adaptation of the virus to the human population, a crucial ...step in the emergence of pandemic influenza virus strains. Owing to the species-specific nature of the interaction between the virus and host glycans, attention has recently focused on novel glycan array technologies that can rapidly assess virus receptor specificity and the potential emergence of human-adapted H5N1 viruses.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
► Evaluation of prototype ground-source thermoelectric generators was conducted. ► The largest temperature drops occurred at the heat exchangers’ external surfaces. ► Direct solar insolation ...contributed significantly to the total power generation. ► Estimates indicate that fins reduce the major thermal resistances by factors of 2–3.
The daily variation in air temperature is large compared with the temperature changes a short distance below the surface of the ground. In theory, a heat engine can be arranged to produce electricity from this temperature difference. In practice, the thermal efficiency of such a device will be low because of the small temperature differences involved. One example of such an energy harvesting device that can produce a small amount of electrical power uses a thermoelectric generator operating between the air and ground temperatures. The low thermal efficiency means that accurately predicting thermal resistances throughout the device and at the air-side and ground-side heat exchangers is critical to the creation of a useful device. Advantages of this device include high reliability, no acoustic emissions, low visibility, significant night-time power production, ruggedness, and long life. With appropriate external power conditioning components, the device could be used to power remote sensors and communications systems. The design of a pair of milliwatt-scale ground source heat engines is described. The devices were fabricated using custom heat exchangers and off-the-shelf thermoelectric modules and other supplies. Both systems were tested over an extended period in order to quantitatively assess effects of sunlight and precipitation on system performance and life. Exhaustive analysis of air-side average heat transfer coefficients, system thermal resistances, and ground-side thermal resistances provides quantitative design information for future applications. Finned and unfinned versions of otherwise identical prototypes permits assessment of fin performance on both ground-side and air-side heat transfer.
The hemagglutinin (HA) structure at 2.9 angstrom resolution, from a highly pathogenic Vietnamese H5N1 influenza virus, is more related to the 1918 and other human H1 HAs than to a 1997 duck H5 HA. ...Glycan microarray analysis of this Viet04 HA reveals an avian alpha2-3 sialic acid receptor binding preference. Introduction of mutations that can convert H1 serotype HAs to human alpha2-6 receptor specificity only enhanced or reduced affinity for avian-type receptors. However, mutations that can convert avian H2 and H3 HAs to human receptor specificity, when inserted onto the Viet04 H5 HA framework, permitted binding to a natural human alpha2-6 glycan, which suggests a path for this H5N1 virus to gain a foothold in the human population.
The effect of drugs, disease and other perturbations on mRNA levels are studied using gene expression microarrays or RNA-seq, with the goal of understanding molecular effects arising from the ...perturbation. Previous comparisons of reproducibility across laboratories have been limited in scale and focused on a single model. The use of model systems, such as cultured primary cells or cancer cell lines, assumes that mechanistic insights derived from the models would have been observed via in vivo studies. We examined the concordance of compound-induced transcriptional changes using data from several sources: rat liver and rat primary hepatocytes (RPH) from Drug Matrix (DM) and open TG-GATEs (TG), human primary hepatocytes (HPH) from TG, and mouse liver/HepG2 results from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. Gene expression changes for treatments were normalized to controls and analyzed with three methods: 1) gene level for 9071 high expression genes in rat liver, 2) gene set analysis (GSA) using canonical pathways and gene ontology sets, 3) weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Co-expression networks performed better than genes or GSA when comparing treatment effects within rat liver and rat vs. mouse liver. Genes and modules performed similarly at Connectivity Map-style analyses, where success at identifying similar treatments among a collection of reference profiles is the goal. Comparisons between rat liver and RPH, and those between RPH, HPH and HepG2 cells reveal lower concordance for all methods. We observe that the baseline state of untreated cultured cells relative to untreated rat liver shows striking similarity with toxicant-exposed cells in vivo, indicating that gross systems level perturbation in the underlying networks in culture may contribute to the low concordance.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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