One of the most robust empirical findings in the behavioral sciences is loss aversion-the finding that losses loom larger than gains. We offer a new psychological explanation of the origins of loss ...aversion in which loss aversion emerges from differences in the distribution of gains and losses people experience. In 4 experiments, we tested this proposition by manipulating the range of gains and losses that individuals saw during the process of eliciting their loss aversion. We were able to find loss aversion, loss neutrality, and even the reverse of loss aversion.
Web-based research is becoming ubiquitous in the behavioral sciences, facilitated by convenient, readily available participant pools and relatively straightforward ways of running experiments: most ...recently, through the development of the HTML5 standard. Although in most studies participants give untimed responses, there is a growing interest in being able to record response times online. Existing data on the accuracy and cross-machine variability of online timing measures are limited, and generally they have compared behavioral data gathered on the Web with similar data gathered in the lab. For this article, we took a more direct approach, examining two ways of running experiments online—Adobe Flash and HTML5 with CSS3 and JavaScript—across 19 different computer systems. We used specialist hardware to measure stimulus display durations and to generate precise response times to visual stimuli in order to assess measurement accuracy, examining effects of duration, browser, and system-to-system variability (such as across different Windows versions), as well as effects of processing power and graphics capability. We found that (a) Flash and JavaScript’s presentation and response time measurement accuracy are similar; (b) within-system variability is generally small, even in low-powered machines under high load; (c) the variability of measured response times across systems is somewhat larger; and (d) browser type and system hardware appear to have relatively small effects on measured response times. Modeling of the effects of this technical variability suggests that for most within- and between-subjects experiments, Flash and JavaScript can both be used to accurately detect differences in response times across conditions. Concerns are, however, noted about using some correlational or longitudinal designs online.
•The attraction, compromise, and similarity effects were replicated.•We investigated exactly how alternatives are compared against each other.•We recorded eye-movements during choice.•A pair of ...alternatives is compared on a single dimension in each comparison.•Psychological models of choice should be based on these pairwise comparisons.
In multi-alternative choice, the attraction, compromise, and similarity effects demonstrate that the value of an alternative is not independent of the other alternatives in the choice-set. Rather, these effects suggest that a choice is reached through the comparison of alternatives. We investigated exactly how alternatives are compared against each other using eye-movement data. The results indicate that a series of comparisons is made in each choice, with a pair of alternatives compared on a single attribute dimension in each comparison. We conclude that psychological models of choice should be based on these single-attribute pairwise comparisons.
Hlaváček a Kafka Stewart, Neil
Slovo a smysl : časopis pro mezioborová studia = Word & sense,
06/2021, Letnik:
18, Številka:
36
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The following text represents a chapter taken from my 2019 monograph on the journal Moderní revue (Modern Review), which was published in Prague between 1894 and 1925 and significantly contributed to ...the modernisation of Czech culture at that time. Moderní revue strove to overcome the narrow nationalist focus and ethnic segregation that had characterised so much 19th-century literature and art in Bohemia. The editors specifically sought to acquaint their readership with the Decadent trend then en vogue in Western Europe and one of the journal’s most important contributors, the poet and graphic artist Karel Hlaváček (1874–1898), has indeed been variously described as a typical representative of that particular brand of Modernism. My close reading of his prose poem Subtilnost smutku (‘The Subtlety of Sadness’, 1896), where a captive ‘cretin’ is introduced whose extremely refined sensibility has him metaphorically degenerate into a spider, is an attempt to establish in concrete detail what actually is Decadent about Hlaváček’s writing, how Decadence in literature may be defined in general terms, and what the application of such a label may tell us about a given text and its place in literary history. In order to do so, I contrast this piece with Franz Kafka’s classic story Die Verwandlung (‘The Metamorphosis’, 1912), a thematically comparable work that was written just sixteen years later, also in Prague, but one that cannot be plausibly described as Decadent. In my analysis, I also draw on a famous essay by the French authors Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, who in 1975 presented Kafka and his specific milieu as an example of what they called ‘littérature mineure’ (minor literature). The assumptions of the two postmodernist critics, controversial and partly outdated as they may be, provide us with some methodologically useful cues, most importantly the systematic connection established by them between the historical-cultural context of turn-of-the-century Prague and specific uses of language. In the end, Hlaváček thus emerges from the comparison as a Decadent writer not so much because of his predilection for certain subjects and motifs (many of which are also to be found in Kafka), but because he has a way of taking things literally, of employing and arranging words, most notably his beloved Gallicisms, as if they were not just arbitrary, symbolic referents, but concrete collector’s items: separate and precious objects on public display.
Since the first pioneering report of hyperpolarized 1-13Cpyruvate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the Warburg effect in prostate cancer patients, clinical dissemination of the technique has been ...rapid; close to 10 sites worldwide now possess a polarizer fit for the clinic, and more than 30 clinical trials, predominantly for oncological applications, are already registered on the US and European clinical trials databases. Hyperpolarized 13C probes to study pathophysiological processes beyond the Warburg effect, including tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism, intra-cellular pH and cellular necrosis have also been demonstrated in the preclinical arena and are pending clinical translation, and the simultaneous injection of multiple co-polarized agents is opening the door to high-sensitivity, multi-functional molecular MRI with a single dose. Here, we review the biomedical applications to date of the two polarization methods that have been used for in vivo hyperpolarized 13C molecular MRI; namely, dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization and parahydrogen-induced polarization. The basic concept of hyperpolarization and the fundamental theory underpinning these two key 13C hyperpolarization methods, along with recent technological advances that have facilitated biomedical realization, are also covered.
Prognosticating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is challenging, in part due to a lack of sensitive biomarkers. A recent article in
described how hyperpolarised xenon magnetic resonance ...spectroscopy may quantify regional gas exchange in IPF lungs. In a population of patients with IPF, we find that the xenon signal from red blood cells diminishes relative to the tissue/plasma signal over a 12-month time period, even when the diffusion factor for carbon monoxide is static over the same time period. We conclude that hyperpolarised
Xe MR spectroscopy may be sensitive to short-term changes in interstitial gas diffusion in IPF.
Substantial recent research has examined the accuracy of presentation durations and response time measurements for visually presented stimuli in Web-based experiments, with a general conclusion that ...accuracy is acceptable for most kinds of experiments. However, many areas of behavioral research use auditory stimuli instead of, or in addition to, visual stimuli. Much less is known about auditory accuracy using standard Web-based testing procedures. We used a millisecond-accurate Black Box Toolkit to measure the actual durations of auditory stimuli and the synchronization of auditory and visual presentation onsets. We examined the distribution of timings for 100 presentations of auditory and visual stimuli across two computers with difference specs, three commonly used browsers, and code written in either Adobe Flash or JavaScript. We also examined different coding options for attempting to synchronize the auditory and visual onsets. Overall, we found that auditory durations were very consistent, but that the lags between visual and auditory onsets varied substantially across browsers and computer systems.
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