This article deals with the research of identity using toponyms in Albanian and Kosovar city centres, bringing a different perspective to the question via comparatively examining the urban toponyms. ...The research was undertaken in the centres of five Albanian and five Kosovar cities, and the names of streets, squares, and parks have been placed into categories: people, geography, events, organizations, and other. Urban toponyms have been categorized according to importance on the local, national, pan-Albanian, and international levels. We analyse the geopolitical background and current status of the problem of identity, which is reflected in urban toponyms, and conclude that there is significant evidence to point out that the two identities have diverged. Kosovo's national identity, as reflected in its urban toponyms, is formed by its struggle for independence and not an unequivocal adoption of a pan-Albanian identity.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the interdependence between life expectancy and numerous social indicators, i.e., to determine the factors that encourage an increase or decrease in ...life expectancy. Methods: Pearson coefficients as well as linear and logarithmic trends and correlations between the dependent variable of life expectancy and numerous independent variables were calculated and analysed. The calculations were carried out for all countries in the world for which data is available. Based on the strength of the correlations between life expectancy and numerous indicators, we have tried to determine the reasons for the different values of life expectancy in the various countries. Results: Important factors for achieving high life expectancy values are economic development and healthcare spending but the spread of "diseases of the modern era", such as obesity or diabetes, have a significant negative impact on life expectancy. Other important limiting factors for life expectancy are large income inequalities, a higher share of private healthcare expenditure in total healthcare expenditure and lower total healthcare expenditure. Less developed societies can significantly increase their life expectancy by providing clean water and safe sanitation and by combating various infectious diseases (especially HIV). Conclusions: Life expectancy is a meaningful indicator of the state of social development and accurately reflects the general state of a particular society. It has been shown that GDP per capita (PPP) is a key determinant of life expectancy, while other important factors play the role of a further modifier.
A survey research has identified the parts of Zagreb that are experienced as either pleasurable or unpleasurable. The survey was conducted in 2015 and compared to the same type of survey made in ...1996/97. The results indicate that some areas, especially the vast green spaces, the squares in the Lower Town, and the Upper Town were found pleasurable by most respondents, while some city areas and traffic corridors were found unpleasurable. UNPLEASURABLE PLACES PLEASURABLE PLACES URBAN REPULSION URBAN ATTRACTIVENESS ZAGREB Anketnim istrazivanjem utvrdili su se dijelovi Zagreba koji su dozivljeni kao mjesta ugode, odnosno mjesta neugode. Istrazivanje je provedeno 2015. godine i usporedeno je s istovjetnim istrazivanjem iz 1996./1997. godine. Gledajuci strukturno, prostorna velika zelena podrucja, gradski trgovi Donjega grada i Gornji grad dozivljeni su kao mjesta ugode kod vecine ispitanika, dok neke gradske cetvrti i prometni terminali kao mjesta neugode. MJESTA NEUGODE MJESTA UGODE URBANA ODBOJNOST URBANA PRIVLAENOST ZAGREB
The goal of this paper is to create a typology of municipalities according to development level, using what little data are available. Both economic (municipal income, employment, and ...entrepreneurship) and demographic (educated and immigrant population) indicators are used. Three economic types of municipality were defined using three economic indicators: income per capita (used as the main indicator); number of residents per entrepreneur; and share of employed in the total population. Following this, we defined demographic types of municipalities, using the three aforementioned economic indicators as well as two demographic indicators: average education level of the population and share of immigrants in the total population. Education level of the population is more important than employment or entrepreneurship for economic development. The typology indicates an above-average level of development on the Adriatic coast and islands, as well as in large cities and the immediate surroundings of Zagreb. In contrast, the typology also shows below-average development levels in southeastern Slavonia and northwestern Croatia. Areas of special state concern, such as those that were occupied during the Croatian War of Independence, have above-average municipal income and below-average education levels, employment, and entrepreneurship. Tourism, activities in large cities, and (paradoxically) state subsidies in areas of special state concern contribute the most to development level, while industry and (especially) agriculture do not make significant contributions to development level. The tradition of managing population size is no longer significant for development level, because a large number of sparsely-populated “new” municipalities have significantly higher incomes than “old” municipalities. This paper should serve as a supplement to the frequent discussions regarding the optimization of Croatia’s system of local government units.
V prispevku se poskuša dati odgovor na vprašanje o novem položaju lokalnih skupnosti ob slovensko – hrvaški meji po nastanku meddržavne meje l99l leta. Analiziran je le del obmejnega območja ob reki ...Sotli med mejnima prehodoma Macelj (Zagreb – Maribor) in Bregana (Zagreb – Ljubljana). Predstavljeni zaključki temeljijo na anketi predstavnikov lokalne politične oblasti in industrijskih obratov. Izstopajo tri značilnosti življenja lokalne skupnosti ob navedni meji: mirno obmejno sožitje, slabo gospodarsko in družbeno sodelovanje in počasno ločevanje.
This paper aims to establish criteria for defining traditional and modern settlements, and location factors in relation to their spatial presence in the Atalaya region, in Peruvian Amazonia. The key ...theme is the planimetry of villages, which depends on many factors. It is a kind of indicator of outside influences, which reveals everyday life habits, ways of doing business, employment, and the presence of certain activities. Human activities, civilisation models, and outside pressures affect the appearance and structure of villages. In Peruvian Amazonia, indigenous influences are shifted by influences imported from areas outside Amazonia. The planimetry of the villages indicates the differences between the two main village groups: traditional and modern villages. A broad analysis of human activities, of habitation and migration, communication infrastructure, and of the history outside of the Amazonian influence is necessary to extract the criteria for defining traditional and modern settlements. Modern settlements occur in regions that have received numerous and different foreign influences and communication flows. Traditional settlements are present in all the investigated areas, with a noticeable reduction in the modern zones.
The prehistoric Amazon had low numbers of hunter-gatherers due to poor soil and harsh landscape conditions, due to which it was not able to support advanced cultures. The arrival of Christian ...missionaries, oil companies, and farmers changed the lifestyle of a specific portion of the population, although some indigenous groups still avoid contact with the outside world. Missionaries stimulated changes in the indigenous medical-religious-political systems. In the Peruvian Amazon, the local government is too weak to carry out the usual functions of the state, and therefore oil companies have replaced the state in terms of various functions such as employment, building wells for the drinking water, healthcare, donation of electric generators, and aircraft transport of local indigenous authorities to meetings in Iquitos or Lima. The policies of the national government are turning the Peruvian Amazon into a productive area and are exploiting its natural raw materials. In modernising the Amazon region, however, the world is permanently and irreparably losing valuable knowledge regarding the nature of tropical areas.
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