Based on 16 STR-loci, the allele pool and interbreed differentiation of goat breeds of Russian and foreign breeding were investigated in this study. These breeds included Karachai (KRCH-K, n=73, ...mountain zone; KRCH-Z, n=33, foothill zone), Dagestan Downy (DAGD, n=30), Dagestan Wool (DAGW, n=30), Soviet Wool (SOVW, n=30), Saanen (SAAN, n=34), Murciano-Granadina (MURS, n=37), as well as wild goats, represented by three species of mountain goats (n=52): Siberian Capricorn (Capra sibirica) of Altai (CSIB-S, n=6), Tajikistan (CSIB-T, n=4), Kyrgyzstan (CSIB-K, n=6), and the Himalayas (CSIB-H, n=4); Bezoar goat (Capa aegagrus) of Turkey (CAEG, n=3) and Pakistan (CAEG-S, n=3); West Caucasian tur (
): western Caucasian (Kuban, CCAU-K, n=10), central Caucasian (CCAU-M, n=8), and eastern Caucasian (Dagestan, CCAU-D, n=8). The highest genetic diversity was observed in the North Caucasus breeds, such as Karachai, Dagestan Downy, and Dagestan Wool. The mean numbers of alleles per locus and allelic diversity were 7.385-9.154 and 7.353-7.713, respectively. The genetic proximity of Caucasian breeds was confirmed by cluster analysis, and they formed a common branch with the highest genetic affinity, while the Orenburg and Soviet Wool breeds formed another branch, and the third branch with the least affinity was the dairy breed of foreign selection.The analysis of the phylogenetic tree of domestic and wild species established the formation of three clusters formed by the subspecies of the West Caucasian tur, Siberian ibex, and breeds of domestic goats. At the same time, populations of the Bezoar goats were localized at the root of the last cluster, which confirmed their role as the ancestors of domestic goats.
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease that affects cervids. Amino acid substitutions Ser138, Ser225, and 2M-129S-169M in prion protein coded by the
PRNP
gene increase the risk of the ...disease. In this study, we present data on
PRNP
variability in reindeer from the Asian part of Russia. We discovered seven polymorphic codons with nonsynonymous substitutions; polymorphism for five of them were reported before in European reindeer populations. Variant Asn138 resistant to CWD was observed in one quarter of
PRNP
haplotypes in domesticated reindeer; another resistance-associated variant, Tyr225, was found only in a small group of reindeer from Chukotka. Wild deer are differentiated from domesticated ones in the frequencies of the Val169 and Gly129 alleles. The 2M-129S-169M allele associated with CWD predisposition was predominantly frequent in domesticated deer. Owing to more
PRNP
gene variability in Russian reindeer, it is possible that CWD incidence in such population will lead to a situation similar to what is observed in Norway (appearance of different CWD strains with different neuropathological and transmission patterns).
Human cytochrome P450 2F1, as well as its ortholog 2F3 in domestic goat, is considered to be a rather unusual enzyme. The only type of reaction it catalyzes has been described: the conversion of ...skatole, a product of anaerobic tryptophan metabolism, into a pulmonary toxin. Endogenous substrates of CYP2F are unknown, and although more than 30 years have passed since the discovery of the enzyme, its biological role remains unclear. We hypothesized that the physiological functions of CYP2F can be specifically implemented in the brain, remaining previously unnoticed owing to the high compartmentalization of the organ. Using open data, we studied the covariation of the expression of
CYP2F1
and genes for behavioral traits: in the human brain, as well as the polymorphism of their orthologs and
CYP2F3
in 180 populations of domestic goats (
Capra hircus
). Two SNPs were found in the
CYP2F3
gene, one of which had pronounced traces of selection, and the frequency of homozygotes increased with geographic distance from the center of domestication. Expression of
CYP2F1
mRNA in the human brain also had regional specificity. In both species, factor analysis revealed the relationship between CYP2F1/3 and a number of genes regulating behavior: the serotonin transporter
SLC6A4
and its receptor
HTR2A3
, the
ABCB1
transporter, the purine receptor
P2RX7
, the GABA receptor
GABRA4
, the circadian rhythm regulator
PER3
, and T-cadherin
CDH13
. Thus, analysis of the genomic data of the domestic goat and human transcriptomic data revealed the evolutionary and functional relationships of CYP2F cytochromes and neurochemical systems for regulating behavior. This evidence of the cerebral function of the enzyme is indirect, since it is based on correlation analysis, but indicates the promise of further search in this direction.
Estimation of the state of the genetic diversity and the originality of the breed structure is required for the conservation and management of domestic breeds of agricultural animals. The Romanov ...breed of sheep from the leading breeding and gene pool farms in Yaroslavl oblast (Russia) is the object of our study. ISSR fingerprinting was used as a molecular method of the study of sheep gene pools. Forty-three DNA fragments were detected (25 and 18, respectively) by two primers ((AG)₉C and (GA)₉C). Of the discovered ISSR markers, 81% were polymorphic. The coefficient of genetic originality was for the first time used for the study of the specificity and originality of the Romanov-breed gene pool. Based on its values, the studied individuals were divided into five classes depending on the frequency of the ISSR fragment. The most original or the rarest, as well as typical genotypes, were singled out in the Romanov sheep gene pool. Use the obtained data on genetic originality was proposed as a means to increase the efficiency of selection and breeding during the breeding of autochthonous breeds of domesticated animal species.
Using 11 microsatellite markers (OarCP49, INRA063, HSC, OarAE129, MAF214, OarFCB11, INRA005, SPS113, INRA23, MAF65, and McM527), data on the level of variability and degree of differentiation of 24 ...populations (1140 specimens) of Tuvan coarse-wooled short fat-tailed sheep from different regions of the Republic of Tyva and 24 sheep breeds (721 specimens) of different origin from the main sheep-raising regions of the Russian Federation, were obtained. The analysis revealed the high level of genetic isolation and variability of Tuvan sheep. Moreover, in the general structure of Russian sheep breeds, pronounced genetic divergence into two large groups was revealed, with one of these groups uniting fine-fleeced and semi-fine-fleeced sheep, and the other group consisting of indigenous coarse-wooled breeds of North Caucasian and Asian origin.
Comparative genotyping of a population of zeboid cattle (
Bos taurus
×
Bos indicus
) and eight populations of
B. taurus
breeds, including six domestic breeds (the Kholmogory, Yaroslavl, Red Gorbatov, ...Kostroma, Tagil, and Gray Ukrainian) and two transboundary European breeds (Holstein and Brown Swiss), has been conducted using 14 STR markers (
BM1824
,
BM2113
,
CSRM60
,
CSSM66
,
ETH3
,
ETH10
,
ETH225
,
ILSTS006
,
INRA023
,
SPS115
,
TGLA53
,
TGLA122
,
TGLA126
, and
TGLA227
). A total of 562 individuals were examined. On the basis of the results of the STR analysis, it was found that all population samples of
B. taurus
were characterized by an average allelic richness
A
R
= 4.87–6.7 and a fairly high level of genetic variability
H
E
= 0.69–0.76 with a slight predominance of random matings
F
IS
= –0.1–0.0. In zeboid cattle, the corresponding indicators were
A
R
= 5.96,
H
E
= 0.72, and
F
IS
= –0.0278. At the same time, differences in the genetic structure of the
B. taurus
breeds under consideration were largely determined by population demographic fluctuations, and the genetic and the phenotypic heterogeneity detected in the population of zeboid cattle were determined by a decrease in the effect of artificial selection.
Introduction. A herd of zeboid cattle was created by the Snegiri Scientific and Experimental Farm (Moscow region, Russia) as a result of long-term selection and crossbreeding zebu (Bos indicus L.) ...with cattle (Bos Taurus L.). These hybrid cows have good physiological parameters, high resistance to diseases, and a significant adaptive potential. The quality of milk produced by zebu cows at different lactation and milking times has not been studied as well as their milking capacity. Therefore, we aimed to assess the variability of specific physicochemical indicators of milk produced by Snegiri’s zeboid dairy herd. Study objects and methods. The milk of 193 zeboid cows (6–12% of zebu blood) from the Snegiri Farm was analyzed by standard methods for quality indicators such as fat, nonfat milk solids, density, bound water, freezing point, protein, and lactose. Then, we determined how these indicators changed depending on the lactation number and the time of milking (morning/evening). Statistical analysis was applied to process the data. Results and discussion. Such indicators as nonfat milk solids, density, bound water, freezing point, protein, and lactose of zeboid cow milk were consistent with the normal indicators for raw cow’s milk. Only its fat content (4.39%) exceeded the norm. We found no correlation between the quality of milk and the number of lactations. However, the evening milk was more concentrated, with a significant increase in nonfat milk solids and density, as well as with a lower freezing point. Conclusion. Zeboid cows, which can be bred in suboptimal conditions, produce milk suitable for dairy products since it has a high fat content regardless of lactation and milking time.
A prototyping model of the DNA microarray system for identification of genetic markers related to productivity, determination of cattle breed purity, and identification of cattle monogenic diseases ...was developed. A method for immobilizing oligonucleotides on a polymer support, their fixation using ultraviolet irradiation, and DNA hybridization to them, followed by labeling and genotype determination, was developed. Genotyping of two genes encoding milk caseins, i.e.,
CSN3
kappa-casein gene and
CSN2
beta-casein gene, in the Aberdeen Angus breed using real-time PCR and the developed DNA microarray showed identical results. The potential of DNA microarray technology, its principle, and the possibilities of application to animal husbandry for genetic breeding work (monitoring, determining the genetic potential and diversity in breeds and populations of cattle, and agrobiodiversity in general) are considered.
The growing demand of society for the products of farm animals entails continuous modernization of breeding programs. In order to improve the accuracy of genomic assessment of breeding value, the ...models that allow applying the data on contributions of specific polymorphic loci to the formation of economically beneficial traits have been used recently. Taking into account the functional role of the genes responsible for the formation of the mammary gland is important to improve the reliability of prediction for milk yield. This review describes the molecular-genetic basis of mammary gland development at the embryonic, prepubertal, and pubertal stages of development using the example of cattle and some other mammals. Particular focus is on epigenetic regulation. The data on genetics, morphophysiology, endocrinology, and the effects of microorganisms at different stages of mammary gland development are presented.
The sable (
Martes zibellina
L.) range extends from the western slopes of the Ural Mountains to the Far East. Sable has a complex intraspecific structure; geographic populations differ in a number of ...morphological traits. Unregulated sable hunting for several centuries, forest fires and industrialization of Siberia led to a sharp decline in the species’ population size and the fragmentation of its habitat by the beginning of the twentieth century. In some regions of Siberia, the species was almost completely exterminated. To restore the sable population, along with a complete ban on hunting, large-scale sable reintroductions were made in the middle of the twentieth century. About 11.7–11.8 thousand animals were brought from the Baikal-Patom region of the Baikal Mountain Country to Western and Eastern Siberia. Reintroduced sables survived in the new territories and formed naturalized populations. We studied the allele frequency distribution of 15 microsatellite loci of 474 sable specimens from 14 native and six naturalized sable populations in the Central Siberian Plateau and adjacent territories. The results of the analysis of genetic diversity, differentiation and population structure indicate the presence of five clusters in the study area, four of which are formed by native populations and one that includes a native population from the Patom donor area and all six naturalized populations. Both large-scale reintroductions and a complete ban on hunting have contributed to the restoration of sable populations in Siberia, which have become a continuous sable range. An analysis of genetic structure in historical and geographic context can be useful in studying the effects of introduction or reintroduction when considering the stages of introduction-naturalization-invasion continuum.
