The activity of ceftazidime/avibactam was assessed against 5716 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates collected from 96 medical centres in 18 European countries as part of the International Network for ...Optimal Resistance Monitoring (INFORM) global surveillance programme from 2012 to 2015. Activity was analysed against subsets of isolates based on resistance phenotypes and β-lactamase content.
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution and β-lactamase genes were detected by PCR screening and sequencing.
Ceftazidime/avibactam was highly active in vitro against the overall collection of P. aeruginosa isolates and colistin-resistant isolates (92.4% and 92.9% susceptible, respectively). Although activity was slightly reduced against MBL-negative subsets of ceftazidime-non-susceptible (79.6% susceptible), meropenem-non-susceptible (85.1% susceptible) and MDR (81.6% susceptible) P. aeruginosa, ceftazidime/avibactam remained the second most active entity, after colistin, compared with all other comparator agents tested. At the country level, susceptibility to ceftazidime/avibactam ranged from 74.6% to 99.6%, with decreased susceptibilities only observed in countries where MBLs are more frequently encountered, such as the Czech Republic, Greece, Romania and Russia. Ceftazidime/avibactam was also active in vitro against 87.6% of meropenem-non-susceptible isolates in which no acquired β-lactamases were detected by molecular methods; these isolates were assumed to hyperproduce the chromosomally encoded AmpC in combination with alterations in OprD or drug efflux. As expected, ceftazidime/avibactam was not active against isolates carrying MBLs.
The data show that ceftazidime/avibactam is highly potent in vitro against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa collected in European countries, including isolates that exhibit resistance to ceftazidime, meropenem and colistin and combined resistance to agents from multiple drug classes.
Fox News and political knowledge Schroeder, Elizabeth; Stone, Daniel F.
Journal of public economics,
06/2015, Letnik:
126
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The effects of partisan media on political knowledge are theoretically ambiguous. Knowledge effects are important because of their close connection to welfare effects, but the existing empirical ...literature on knowledge is limited. We study the knowledge effects of the Fox News Channel. Following DellaVigna and Kaplan (2007), we exploit naturally random variation in Fox's availability to identify causal effects. We use knowledge survey data from 2000, 2004 and 2008; our final sample has nearly one million question-level observations. We first confirm and expand on previous findings of Fox effects on voting. We then present an array of results from our knowledge analysis. While average effects (across issues), over the full time-frame are near-zero and most precise, we find evidence of positive effects both for issues that were more favorable to Republicans and for issues that Fox covered more often, and negative effects for issues Fox neglected. We also present evidence of Fox being associated with a decline in newspaper readership.
•We study knowledge effects of the introduction and expansion of Fox News in the US.•We use survey data on political knowledge from 2000, 2004 and 2008.•Average effects across issues over the full time-frame are near-zero and precise.•We find evidence of positive effects for issues favorable to Republicans.•We find evidence of negative (positive) effects for issues neglected (covered often).
Abstract
Objectives
To assess the global and regional distribution of ESBLs in Enterobacterales and carbapenemases in Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Methods
Antimicrobial susceptibility ...of isolates collected from ATLAS (2017–2019) was determined per CLSI guidelines. Enterobacterales exhibiting meropenem MICs ≥2 mg/L and/or ceftazidime/avibactam and/or aztreonam/avibactam MICs ≥16 mg/L, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae with aztreonam and/or ceftazidime MICs ≥2 mg/L, and P. aeruginosa with meropenem MICs ≥4 mg/L were screened for β-lactamases by PCR and sequencing.
Results
Globally, ESBL-positive E. coli (23.7%, 4750/20047) and K. pneumoniae (35.1%, 6055/17229) carried predominantly the CTX-M-15 variant (E. coli: 53.9%; K. pneumoniae: 80.0%) with highest incidence in Africa/Middle East (AfME). Among carbapenem-resistant (CR) E. coli (1.1%, 217/20047) and Enterobacter cloacae (3.8%, 259/6866), NDMs were predominant (E. coli in AfME: 62.5%; E. cloacae in Asia Pacific: 59.7%). CR K. pneumoniae (13.3%, 2299/17 229) and P. aeruginosa (20.3%, 4187/20 643) carried predominantly KPC (30.9%) and VIM (14.7%), respectively, with highest frequency in Latin America. Among ESBL-positive Enterobacterales, susceptibility to ceftazidime/avibactam (>90.0%) and amikacin (>85.0%) was higher than to piperacillin/tazobactam (>45.0%) and ciprofloxacin (>7.4%). In CR Enterobacterales, susceptibility to amikacin (>54.0%) and ceftazidime/avibactam (>31.0%) was higher than to ciprofloxacin (>2.7%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (>0.5%). CR P. aeruginosa similarly demonstrated higher susceptibility to amikacin (63.4%) and ceftazidime/avibactam (61.9%) than to ciprofloxacin (26.2%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (25.3%).
Conclusions
Varied distribution of resistance genotypes across regions among ESBL-positive Enterobacterales and CR Enterobacterales and P. aeruginosa provide crucial insights on major resistance mechanisms and trends observed in recent years. Continued surveillance is warranted for monitoring global dissemination and resistance.
producing the Ambler class D OXA-48 carbapenemase, combined with additional resistance mechanisms, such as permeability defects or cocarriage of class A, B, or C β-lactamases, can become highly ...resistant to most β-lactams currently in use, including carbapenems. A total of 45,872
clinical isolates collected in 39 countries as part of the International Network for Optimal Resistance Monitoring (INFORM) global surveillance study in 2012 to 2015 were tested for susceptibility to β-lactams and comparator agents using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution methodology and screened for the presence of β-lactamases. The
and
genes were detected in 333 isolates across 14 species of
collected in 20 countries across the globe. Few agents tested were effective
against the overall collection of OXA-48-producers (
= 265), with tigecycline (MIC
, 2 µg/ml; 92.5% susceptible), ceftazidime-avibactam (MIC
, 4 µg/ml; 92.5% susceptible), and aztreonam-avibactam (MIC
, 0.5 µg/ml; 99.6% of isolates with MIC ≤8 µg/ml) demonstrating the greatest activity. Similarly, colistin (MIC
, 1 µg/ml; 94.2% susceptible), tigecycline (MIC
, 2 µg/ml; 92.6% susceptible), ceftazidime-avibactam (MIC
, >128 µg/ml; 89.7% susceptible), and aztreonam-avibactam (MIC
, 4 µg/ml; 100% of isolates with MIC ≤8 µg/ml) were most active against OXA-48-like-positive isolates (
= 68). The
activity of ceftazidime-avibactam was improved against the subset of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-negative, OXA-48- and OXA-48-like-positive isolates (99.2% and 100% susceptible, respectively). The data reported here support the continued investigation of ceftazidime-avibactam and aztreonam-avibactam for the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant
carrying OXA-48 and OXA-48-like β-lactamases in combination with serine- or metallo-β-lactamases.
This article shows that the first autocorrelation of basketball shot results is a highly biased and inconsistent estimator of the first autocorrelation of the ex ante probabilities with which the ...shots are made. Shot result autocorrelation is close to zero even when shot probability autocorrelation is close to one. The bias is caused by what is equivalent to a severe measurement error problem. The results imply that the widespread belief among players and fans in the hot hand is not necessarily a cognitive fallacy.
The activity of ceftazidime/avibactam was assessed against 24 750 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae collected from 96 medical centres in 18 European countries as part of the International Network for ...Optimal Resistance Monitoring (INFORM) global surveillance programme from 2012 to 2015. Activity was analysed against subsets of isolates based on resistant phenotypes and β-lactamase content.
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using broth microdilution and the presence of β-lactamase genes in isolates of interest was determined using PCR and sequencing.
Ceftazidime/avibactam was the most active agent, compared with all other tested comparator agents, against the overall collection of Enterobacteriaceae isolates (99.4% susceptible) and against subsets of ceftazidime-non-susceptible (97.7% susceptible), colistin-resistant (98.2% susceptible), MDR (96.7% susceptible) and meropenem-non-susceptible, MBL-negative (98.5% susceptible) isolates. At the country level, susceptibility to ceftazidime/avibactam ranged from 96.3% to 100% among Enterobacteriaceae isolates, with decreased susceptibilities only observed in countries where MBLs were more frequently encountered (e.g. Greece and Romania). Ceftazidime/avibactam was active against 99.7% of Enterobacteriaceae isolates that carried serine β-lactamases, including ESBLs, AmpC cephalosporinases and carbapenemases (KPC, GES and OXA-48-like) in all combinations. As expected, ceftazidime/avibactam was not active against isolates carrying MBLs.
The data show that ceftazidime/avibactam is highly potent in vitro against clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae collected in European countries, including isolates that exhibit resistance to ceftazidime, meropenem and colistin and combined resistance to agents from multiple drug classes.
The hot hand bias is the widely documented bias toward overestimation of positive serial correlation in sequential events. We test for the hot hand bias in a novel real‐world context, the seeding of ...National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball tournament teams. That is, we examine whether teams that perform relatively well heading into “March Madness” are seeded too high, and/or teams with poor recent performance are seeded too low. The seeds are determined by a 10‐member committee that only has implicit incentives, but these incentives are still substantial as the committee's decisions are highly scrutinized by the media, fans, and other stakeholders. We find that, contra the hot hand bias, the committee underreacts to signals of momentum heading into the NCAA tournament. Various results indicate this behavior can be attributed to both: (1) inattention to relatively detailed information indicating momentum; and (2) under‐appreciation of the predictive value of this information. Betting markets incorporate this information efficiently, but neglect some additional information that is predictive of winning NCAA tournament games but not of beating the spread. We note that the NCAA tournament has been highly popular and lucrative partly due to the “madness” (high frequency of wins by lower‐seeded teams), which the bias we document contributes to, making the persistence of bias less surprising. (JEL D83, L83)
•WGS queried resistance mechanisms for aztreonam-avibactam in Enterobacterales.•Insertions in PBP3 found in E. coli isolates with aztreonam-avibactam MIC ≥ 2 μg/mL.•Avibactam-insensitive PER in some ...isolates with aztreonam-avibactam MIC ≥ 8 μg/mL.
While aztreonam-avibactam is a potent β-lactam-β-lactamase-inhibitor combination, reduced in vitro activity against some Enterobacterales isolates has been reported. In this study, globally collected clinical isolates of Enterobacterales with elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for aztreonam-avibactam were examined for potential resistance mechanisms.
Isolates with aztreonam-avibactam MICs ≥8 μg/mL (n = 55: Escherichia coli, n = 38; Enterobacter cloacae, n = 10; Klebsiella pneumoniae, n = 3; others, n = 4) and <8 μg/mL (n = 18) collected for the INFORM global surveillance programme were characterized by short read whole-genome sequencing. Sequences were inspected for the presence of β-lactamase genes, penicillin-binding protein (PBP) mutations, and disruptions in the coding sequences of porin genes.
All isolates of E. coli testing with aztreonam-avibactam MIC values ≥8 μg/mL carried a previously documented four-amino-acid insertion in PBP3 at position 333 of YRI(K/N/P). Such mutations were absent in isolates with MICs <2 μg/mL (n = 6). Among other species, carriage of PER- or VEB-type β-lactamases was identified in 10/17 (58.8%) of isolates testing with aztreonam-avibactam MICs ≥8 μg/mL, but no isolates with lower MIC values (n = 11).
PBP3 mutations are known to confer resistance to aztreonam in E. coli, providing a rationale for the elevated MIC values for aztreonam-avibactam in these isolates. Elevated MICs in other isolates were associated with the carriage of PER-type β-lactamases, which have been previously shown to be inhibited less effectively by avibactam than other Class A β-lactamases and may contribute to this phenotype. Other resistance mechanisms contributing to poor in vitro activity for aztreonam-avibactam in some of these isolates are not yet elucidated.
We conduct across-outlet and within-outlet (and within-topic) analyses of “congenially” slanted news. We study “horse race” news (news on candidates' chances in an upcoming election) from six major ...online outlets for the 2012 and 2016 US presidential campaigns. We find robust evidence that horse race headlines were slanted congenially with respect to the preferences of the outlets' typical readers. However, evidence of congenial slant in the timing and frequency of horse race stories is weaker. We also find limited evidence of greater within-outlet demand for headlines most congenial to outlets' typical readers, and somewhat stronger evidence of greater demand for relatively uncongenial headlines. We discuss how various aspects of our results are consistent with each of the major mechanisms driving slant studied in the theoretical literature, and may help explain when each mechanism is more likely to come into play. In particular, readers may be more likely to click on uncongenial headlines due to inferring that these stories are particularly informative when they stand in contrast to an outlet's typically congenial slant.
•We analyze horse race (election polls) news from six online outlets in 2012 and 2016.•For outlets with partisan reputations, news is slanted congenially for typical readers.•But the probability of reporting usually does not depend on congeniality of polls.•Within-outlets, stories more congenial to a typical reader are not more popular.•The various results provide support for all three major theories of slant demand.
The
activities of ceftazidime-avibactam and comparators against 9,149 isolates of
and 2,038 isolates of
collected by 42 medical centers in nine countries in the Asia-Pacific region from 2012 to 2015 ...were determined as part of the International Network for Optimal Resistance Monitoring (INFORM) global surveillance program. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution, and isolate subset analysis was performed on the basis of the resistant phenotypes and β-lactamase content. Ceftazidime-avibactam demonstrated potent
activity (MIC, ≤8 μg/ml) against all
tested (99.0% susceptible) and was the most active against isolates that were metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) negative (99.8% susceptible). Against
, 92.6% of all isolates and 96.1% of MBL-negative isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime-avibactam (MIC, ≤8 μg/ml). The rates of susceptibility to ceftazidime-avibactam ranged from 97.0% (Philippines) to 100% (Hong Kong, South Korea) for
and from 83.1% (Thailand) to 100% (Hong Kong) among
isolates, with lower susceptibilities being observed in countries where MBLs were more frequently encountered (Philippines, Thailand). Ceftazidime-avibactam inhibited 97.2 to 100% of
isolates, per country, that carried serine β-lactamases, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases, AmpC cephalosporinases, and carbapenemases (KPC, GES, OXA-48-like). It also inhibited 91.3% of
isolates that were carbapenem nonsusceptible in which no acquired β-lactamase was detected. Among MBL-negative
isolates that were ceftazidime nonsusceptible, meropenem nonsusceptible, colistin resistant, and multidrug resistant, ceftazidime-avibactam inhibited 96.1, 87.7, 100, and 98.8% of isolates, respectively, and among MBL-negative
isolates that were ceftazidime nonsusceptible, meropenem nonsusceptible, colistin resistant, and multidrug resistant, ceftazidime-avibactam inhibited 79.6, 83.6, 83.3, and 68.2% of isolates, respectively. Overall, clinical isolates of
and
collected in nine Asia-Pacific countries from 2012 to 2015 were highly susceptible to ceftazidime-avibactam.
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