Cirrus is an automated risk predictor for breast cancer that comprises texture-based mammographic features and is mostly independent of mammographic density. We investigated genetic and environmental ...variance of variation in Cirrus.
We measured Cirrus for 3,195 breast cancer-free participants, including 527 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins, 271 pairs of dizygotic (DZ) twins, and 1,599 siblings of twins. Multivariate normal models were used to estimate the variance and familial correlations of age-adjusted Cirrus as a function of age. The classic twin model was expanded to allow the shared environment effects to differ by zygosity. The SNP-based heritability was estimated for a subset of 2,356 participants.
There was no evidence that the variance or familial correlations depended on age. The familial correlations were 0.52 (SE, 0.03) for MZ pairs and 0.16(SE, 0.03) for DZ and non-twin sister pairs combined. Shared environmental factors specific to MZ pairs accounted for 20% of the variance. Additive genetic factors accounted for 32% (SE = 5%) of the variance, consistent with the SNP-based heritability of 36% (SE = 16%).
Cirrus is substantially familial due to genetic factors and an influence of shared environmental factors that was evident for MZ twin pairs only. The latter could be due to nongenetic factors operating in utero or in early life that are shared by MZ twins.
Early-life factors, shared more by MZ pairs than DZ/non-twin sister pairs, could play a role in the variation in Cirrus, consistent with early life being recognized as a critical window of vulnerability to breast carcinogens.
Most studies of Bayesian updating use experimental data. This article uses a non‐experimental data source—the voter ballots of the Associated Press college football poll, a weekly subjective ranking ...of the top 25 teams—to test Bayes' rule as a descriptive model. I find that voters sometimes underreact to new information, sometimes overreact, and at other times their behavior is consistent with estimated Bayesian updating. A unifying explanation for the disparate results is that voters are more responsive to information that is more salient (i.e., noticeable). In particular, voters respond in a “more Bayesian” way to losses and wins over ranked teams, as compared to wins over unranked teams, and voters seem unaware of subtle variation in the precision of priors. (JEL D80, D83, D84)
Ideological media bias Stone, Daniel F.
Journal of economic behavior & organization,
05/2011, Letnik:
78, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
► I model the news market assuming consumers and reporters have ideological biases. ► All agents also have biased beliefs about the ideological biases. ► In the model, consumers desire unbiased news ...but disagree on media bias. ► The model implies increasing competition may reduce consumers information. ► This occurs despite increasing competition causing more consumers to receive news.
I develop a model of the market for news in which consumers and reporters both ideologically misinterpret information and have biased beliefs about the extent to which others misinterpret information. I show that for some parameter values, in equilibrium: (i) a monopolist media outlet hires a politically moderate reporter but duopolist outlets use relatively extreme, differentiated reporters; (ii) in duopoly, consumers think of their preferred outlet's news reporter as relatively unbiased and the other outlet's reporter as relatively biased; (iii) consumers, in the aggregate, may be less informed in duopoly than monopoly, despite more consumers receiving news in duopoly.
The number of Internet news media outlets has skyrocketed in recent years. We analyze the effects of media proliferation on electoral outcomes assuming voters may choose news that is too partisan, ...from an informational perspective, i.e., engage in partisan selective exposure. We find that if voters who prefer highly partisan news—either because they are truly ideologically extreme, or due to a tendency towards excessive selective exposure—are politically "important," then proliferation is socially beneficial, as it makes these voters more likely to obtain informative news. Otherwise, proliferation still protects against very poor electoral outcomes that can occur when the number of outlets is small and the only media options are highly partisan. Our model's overall implication is thus that, surprisingly, proliferation is socially beneficial regardless of the degree of selective exposure.
Abstract
Objectives
To determine the in vitro susceptibility of Enterobacterales (n = 5457) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 1949) isolated from hospitalized patients in Africa (three countries) and ...the Middle East (five countries) in 2018–20 to a panel of 11 antimicrobials and to identify β-lactamase/carbapenemase genes in isolates with meropenem-non-susceptible and/or ceftazidime/avibactam-resistant phenotypes.
Methods
CLSI broth microdilution testing generated MICs that were interpreted using CLSI (2021) breakpoints. β-Lactamase/carbapenemase genes were identified using multiplex PCR assays.
Results
Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to amikacin (96.7%), ceftazidime/avibactam (96.6%) and tigecycline (96.0%), and slightly less susceptible to meropenem (94.3%). In total, 337 Enterobacterales isolates (6.2% of all Enterobacterales isolates) carried one or more carbapenemase genes: 188 isolates carried a serine carbapenemase (178 OXA, 10 KPC) and 167 isolates carried an MBL (18 isolates carried both an MBL and an OXA). NDM-1 was the most common MBL identified (64.1% of NDM enzymes; 59.9% of all MBLs). OXA-48 (47.8%) and OXA-181 (38.8%) were the most common OXAs detected. P. aeruginosa isolates were most susceptible to ceftazidime/avibactam (89.1%) and amikacin (88.9%). Only 73.1% of P. aeruginosa isolates were meropenem susceptible. The majority (68.1%) of P. aeruginosa isolates tested for carbapenemase/β-lactamase genes were negative. In total, 88 isolates (4.5% of all P. aeruginosa isolates) carried one or more carbapenemase genes: 81 isolates carried an MBL and 8 carried a GES carbapenemase (1 isolate carried genes for both).
Conclusions
Carbapenemase detection was closely associated with meropenem-non-susceptible phenotypes for Enterobacterales (89.1%) but not for P. aeruginosa (24.2%). Wide geographic variation in carbapenemase type and frequency of detection was observed.
Abstract Objective We assess the hypothesis that socially responsible capitalism (SRC) is fundamentally partisan and primarily supported by people on the left, or whether this perception is another ...example of “false polarization”—overestimation of disagreement between the left and right. Methods We conduct two studies: (1) a survey of Americans' opinions on a general definition of SRC and five examples of recent prominent firm actions corresponding to distinct areas of SRC ( n = 1000, representative sample) and (2) an incentivized survey on second‐order beliefs about results from the first survey ( n = 605, quota‐matched convenience sample). We conduct statistical tests of the accuracy of second‐order beliefs about polarization between Democrats and Republicans in support for SRC and correlates of this accuracy. Results Large majorities of Democrats and Republicans support examples of corporate behavior from three of the five areas of SRC, but opinions are somewhat divided across the parties on support for SRC as a concept, and highly divided for the SRC examples on diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) and climate change. Both Democrats and Republicans generally underestimate SRC support from partisans on both sides except for DEI, which both parties overestimate support for. SRC support is especially underestimated by people opposed to SRC and people with no opinion on SRC. Democrats overestimate polarization in support for SRC. Overestimation of polarization in SRC support is correlated with affective polarization. Conclusion Bipartisan support for SRC is underappreciated, but some aspects of SRC are polarizing or even more polarizing than commonly perceived. Republican opposition to SRC may be partially due to underestimation of copartisan support for SRC. A focus in the news and popular discourse on the more polarizing aspects of SRC may contribute to a general perception that support for SRC is more polarized than it truly is.
•CLSI revised ceftaroline breakpoint criteria for Staphylococcus aureus in 2018.•EUCAST revised ceftaroline breakpoint criteria for S. aureus in 2019.•No ceftaroline-resistant MRSA in SSTIs seen in ...Middle East and Africa in 2015–2018.•All β-haemolytic Streptococcus were susceptible to ceftaroline.•PSSP, PISP, and BLNHI demonstrated low levels of resistance (0–1.8%) to ceftaroline.
To report antimicrobial susceptibility testing surveillance data for ceftaroline and comparative agents from the AWARE global surveillance programme for bacterial pathogens causing skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and lower respiratory infections (RTIs) in Middle East and African countries from 2015 to 2018.
Pathogens were identified by MALDI-TOF/MS. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution method. MICs were interpreted by both CLSI (M100, 2020) and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (v 10.0, 2020) breakpoints.
All MSSA (n = 1125) and 93.9% of MRSA (n = 1235) were susceptible to ceftaroline (MIC ≤ 1 μg/mL, CLSI and EUCAST). The maximum ceftaroline MIC observed for MRSA was 2 μg/mL; no ceftaroline-resistant MRSA were identified among SSTI (CLSI and EUCAST) and RTI (CLSI) isolates. All isolates of β-haemolytic Streptococcus (n = 324), and penicillin-susceptible (PSSP) and -intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae (PISP; n = 369) were susceptible to ceftaroline. Rates of susceptibility to ceftaroline for penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (penicillin MIC ≥ 2 μg/mL; n = 175), and β-lactamase-negative (BLNHI; n = 224) and β-lactamase-positive Haemophilus influenzae (n = 49) were 99.4%, 98.7%, and 98.0% (CLSI) and 92.6%, 98.2%, and 83.7% (EUCAST), respectively. Rates of susceptibility to ceftaroline for ESBL-negative Escherichia coli (n = 442), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 381), and Klebsiella oxytoca (n = 103) were 92.1%, 93.2%, and 96.1%, respectively.
Ceftaroline-resistant isolates of MRSA causing SSTIs were not identified in Middle East and African countries in 2015–2018 using recently revised CLSI (in 2019) or EUCAST (in 2018) breakpoint criteria. Common bacterial pathogens causing SSTIs (Staphylococcus aureus, β-haemolytic Streptococcus) and lower RTIs (PSSP, PISP, BLNHI) demonstrated no resistance or low levels of resistance (0–1.8%) to ceftaroline.
We use data from the Associated Press college American football poll to analyze two types of ex-post optimality of social learning in a non-lab setting. The poll is a weekly subjective ranking of the ...top 25 teams, voted on by over 60 sports journalists. Voters potentially can learn from their peers by observing the aggregate ranks before updating their individual ranks. Our results indicate that, while voters do learn from their peers to some extent, the informativeness of peer ranks appears to be under-valued.
Malattia Leventinese (ML) and Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy (DHRD) refer to two autosomal dominant diseases characterized by yellow-white deposits known as drusen that accumulate beneath the ...retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Both loci were mapped to chromosome 2p16-21 (refs 5,6) and this genetic interval has been subsequently narrowed. The importance of these diseases is due in large part to their close phenotypic similarity to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a disorder with a strong genetic component that accounts for approximately 50% of registered blindness in the Western world. Just as in ML and DHRD, the early hallmark of AMD is the presence of drusen. Here we use a combination of positional and candidate gene methods to identify a single non-conservative mutation (Arg345Trp) in the gene EFEMP1 (for EGF-containing fibrillin-like extracellular matrix protein 1) in all families studied. This change was not present in 477 control individuals or in 494 patients with age-related macular degeneration. Identification of this mutation may aid in the development of an animal model for drusen, as well as in the identification of other genes involved in human macular degeneration.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
40.
Performance Under Pressure in the NBA Zheng Cao; Price, Joseph; Stone, Daniel F.
Journal of sports economics,
06/2011, Letnik:
12, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The authors analyze the effects of psychological pressure on performance using National Basketball Association (NBA) free throw data from the 2002-2003 through 2009-2010 seasons. The authors find ...evidence that players choke under pressure— they shoot on average 5-10 percentage points worse than normal in the final seconds of very close games. Choking is more likely for players who are worse overall free throw shooters, and on the second shot of a pair after the first shot is missed. In general, performance declines as pressure increases (as game time remaining decreases, and as the score margin decreases, whether the shooter’s team is winning or losing). However, the authors find no evidence of choking when games are tied in the final 15 seconds. The authors also fail to find evidence of performance under pressure being affected by home status, attendance, and whether or not the game is in the playoffs.
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