We examined the associations of symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), which was defined as loud snoring, stopping breathing for a while during sleep, and daytime sleepiness, and insomnia with ...glucose metabolism and incident type 2 diabetes in older adults.
Between 1989 and 1993, the Cardiovascular Health Study recruited 5,888 participants ≥65 years of age from four U.S. communities. Participants reported SDB and insomnia symptoms yearly through 1989-1994. In 1989-1990, participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test, from which insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity were estimated. Fasting glucose levels were measured in 1989-1990 and again in 1992-1993, 1994-1995, 1996-1997, and 1998-1999, and medication use was ascertained yearly. We determined the cross-sectional associations of sleep symptoms with fasting glucose levels, 2-h glucose levels, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion using generalized estimated equations and linear regression models. We determined the associations of updated and averaged sleep symptoms with incident diabetes in Cox proportional hazards models. We adjusted for sociodemographics, lifestyle factors, and medical history.
Observed apnea, snoring, and daytime sleepiness were associated with higher fasting glucose levels, higher 2-h glucose levels, lower insulin sensitivity, and higher insulin secretion. The risk of the development of type 2 diabetes was positively associated with observed apnea (hazard ratio HR 1.84 95% CI 1.19-2.86), snoring (HR 1.27 95% CI 0.95-1.71), and daytime sleepiness (HR 1.54 95% CI 1.13-2.12). In contrast, we did not find consistent associations between insomnia symptoms and glucose metabolism or incident type 2 diabetes.
Easily collected symptoms of SDB are strongly associated with insulin resistance and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in older adults. Monitoring glucose metabolism in such patients may prove useful in identifying candidates for lifestyle or pharmacological therapy. Further studies are needed to determine whether insomnia symptoms affect the risk of diabetes in younger adults.
Testosterone (T) induces singing behavior and mediates changes in the sizes and neuroanatomical characteristics of brain regions controlling singing behavior (song control regions, SCRs) in ...songbirds. These effects may require the enzymatic conversion of T into androgenic and estrogenic metabolites by brain tissues and can be modulated by factors such as season and social context. Testosterone administration to adult male House Finches,
Carpodacus mexicanus, in the spring increases the size of their SCRs. Here, we used males of this species to investigate effects of T and T metabolism on brain morphology and singing behavior in the fall. Birds received Silastic capsules containing androgens, estrogens, and/or inhibitors of androgenic action or estrogen synthesis to determine effects of these hormones on song rates and SCR volumes. We also manipulated the social environment by changing the number of birds in visual contact with each other. Testosterone treatment stimulated singing behavior in finches held in small, visually isolated groups and exposed to song playbacks. However, administration of T or T metabolites did not increase SCR sizes. The data suggest that photoperiodic condition and social context may modulate the effects of steroids on SCRs and singing behavior.
Felbamate Urolithiasis Sparagana, S. P.; Strand, W. R.; Adams, R. C.
Epilepsia (Copenhagen),
20/May , Letnik:
42, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Purpose: To report a case of felbamate (FBM) urolithiasis.
Methods: Urographic imaging sonography, abdominal computed tomography (CT), intravenous pyelogram, voiding cystourethrogram and urologic ...procedures (cystoscopy with lithotripsy, ureteral stent) to define and capture the stones. Stone identification was by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Results: A 15‐year‐old boy had painful hematuria, bilateral ureteral obstruction, and urinary retention. Kidney, bladder, and ureteral stones were found, and ureteral stent placement was required to relieve obstruction. The stone material was identified as FBM by chemical analysis. Stone formation ceased with discontinuation of FBM.
Conclusions: FBM urolithiasis can occur, and possible contributory factors include high felbamate dosage, drug polypharmacy, and risk factors for forming stones of other types. FBM urolithiasis may be heralded by crystalluria.
Search for heavy neutrinos in K + → μ + ν H decays Artamonov, A. V.; Bassalleck, B.; Bhuyan, B. ...
Physical review. D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology,
03/2015, Letnik:
91, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Here, evidence of a heavy neutrino, νH, in the K+→μ+νH decays was sought using the E949 experimental data with an exposure of 1.70 × 1012 stopped kaons. With the major background from the radiative ...K+→μ+νμγ decay understood and suppressed, upper limits (90% C.L.) on the neutrino mixing matrix element between the muon and heavy neutrinos, |UμH|2, were set at the level of 10–7 to 10–9 for the heavy neutrino mass region 175 to 300 MeV/c2.
Cancer following augmentation cystoplasty is a recognized risk factor. The procedure has only gained popularity in pediatric urology within the last 25 years, limiting the population being studied by ...statistical power and the lack of long-term followup. The majority of reported cases of post-augmentation malignancy have occurred in adults with multiple risk factors. Currently the most common indication for augmentation cystoplasty in children and adolescents is neuropathic bladder. We review 3 cases of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) following augmentation cystoplasty in this unique population with no additional risk factors for bladder cancer.
We reviewed our clinical database of children and adolescents who underwent bladder augmentation since 1978 to evaluate the incidence of cancer. This study represents a captured population within a single institutional practice. There were 483 cases entered into the database, and particular attention was paid to 260 augmentations with at least 10 years of followup. We reviewed medical history, clinical outcomes, cancer risk factors, augmentation type and pathology of the 3 patients who presented with TCC after augmentation cystoplasty.
Three patients presented with grade 2 to 3 TCC following bladder augmentation, all of whom underwent exploratory laparotomy and eventually died of metastatic disease. No patient had a history of smoking exposure greater than 10 packs per year or other known risk factors for bladder cancer. Two patients had an ileocecal augmentation and 1 had a cecal augmentation for neuropathic bladder. Patient age at augmentation was 8, 20 and 24 years, and age at diagnosis of TCC was 29, 37 and 44 years, respectively. Mean time from augmentation to TCC was 19 years. Assuming a 10-year lag period before the risk of cancer, in at least 1.2% of bladder augmentation cases in our database cancer has developed.
This study supports the hypothesis that bladder augmentation appears to be an independent risk factor for TCC, with a lag time of less than 20 years. We recommend endoscopic surveillance of all patients with a history of bladder augmentation beginning 10 years after initial surgery.
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) has been used to measure Pu activities and 240Pu/239Pu isotope ratios in samples contaminated by releases from the Mayak nuclear installation. Determination of Pu ...isotopes in high-level samples indicated that the ratio of 240Pu/239Pu in waste has increased toward the present. The lowest 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios, 0.012−0.024, were found at the Asanov Swamp, where the primary source of contamination was discharge of intermediate-level radioactive waste between 1949 and 1951. The highest ratios, 0.06−0.29, were found in industrial reservoirs contaminated by various sources of waste up to the present day. Measurement of Pu isotopes in low-level samples collected from the Techa, Iset, and Ob Rivers showed that while activity levels decrease with distance from Mayakfrom 2000 Bq/kg at 7 km downstream to less than 1 Bq/kg sediment at 250 km240Pu/239Pu isotope ratios increase. Results suggest that most of the plutonium in the Upper Techa River originates from the early waste discharges, although enhanced atom ratios in surface sediments downstream (0.035−0.099) indicate a contribution from other sources. On the basis of procedural blanks, detection limits for AMS were below 1 fg of Pu.
Opioid action was thought to exert reinforcing effects solely via the initial agonism of opioid receptors. Here, we present evidence for an additional novel contributor to opioid reward: the innate ...immune pattern-recognition receptor, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and its MyD88-dependent signaling. Blockade of TLR4/MD2 by administration of the nonopioid, unnatural isomer of naloxone, (+)-naloxone (rats), or two independent genetic knock-outs of MyD88-TLR4-dependent signaling (mice), suppressed opioid-induced conditioned place preference. (+)-Naloxone also reduced opioid (remifentanil) self-administration (rats), another commonly used behavioral measure of drug reward. Moreover, pharmacological blockade of morphine-TLR4/MD2 activity potently reduced morphine-induced elevations of extracellular dopamine in rat nucleus accumbens, a region critical for opioid reinforcement. Importantly, opioid-TLR4 actions are not a unidirectional influence on opioid pharmacodynamics, since TLR4(-/-) mice had reduced oxycodone-induced p38 and JNK phosphorylation, while displaying potentiated analgesia. Similar to our recent reports of morphine-TLR4/MD2 binding, here we provide a combination of in silico and biophysical data to support (+)-naloxone and remifentanil binding to TLR4/MD2. Collectively, these data indicate that the actions of opioids at classical opioid receptors, together with their newly identified TLR4/MD2 actions, affect the mesolimbic dopamine system that amplifies opioid-induced elevations in extracellular dopamine levels, therefore possibly explaining altered opioid reward behaviors. Thus, the discovery of TLR4/MD2 recognition of opioids as foreign xenobiotic substances adds to the existing hypothesized neuronal reinforcement mechanisms, identifies a new drug target in TLR4/MD2 for the treatment of addictions, and provides further evidence supporting a role for central proinflammatory immune signaling in drug reward.
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