Provides an analysis of: the collective agencies, the courses of action, the recipient groups, the relations between the collective agencies, the courses of action decided on and their recipient ...subjects, and the supporting measures by which these courses of action will be implemented. (Abstract amended)
Active Employment Policies in Europe Strati, Antonio; Strati, Filippo
Social policy & administration,
August 1990, Letnik:
24, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In this paper the authors examine the theoretical framework of the set of laws, provisions, regulations, recommendations and pronouncements that embody the active employment policies in Europe. They ...illustrate that the theoretical framework is influenced in its attribution of meaning and significance to its subject matter by its relationship with the definitions of employment. To do this they provide an analysis of: the collective agencies, the courses of action, the recipient groups, the relations between the collective agencies, the courses of action decided upon and their recipient subjects, the supporting measures by which these courses of action will be implemented.
This work analyzes the management of shared fish stocks; protection of the underwater cultural heritage; the possibilities of establishing marine protected areas and other means for safeguarding ...vulnerable marine ecosystems; the use of the high seas for intelligence as well as recent developments on interdiction of vessels on the high seas.
This work analyzes the management of shared fish stocks; protection of the underwater cultural heritage; the possibilities of establishing marine protected areas and other means for safeguarding ...vulnerable marine ecosystems; the use of the high seas for intelligence as well as recent developments on interdiction of vessels on the high seas. Special emphasis is paid to the role of international courts and tribunals in the progressive development of the law of the sea as well as the ability of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea to accommodate new uses and challenges, such as new concerns, new technological possibilities, in particular, new contexts and functions of established rules. The 1982 Convention seems capable of coping with most of them, although it remains useful to explore its possibilities and limits. This work, covering many aspects, will be useful to anyone interested in the law of the sea.
This study explored associations between students' perceptions of challenge, teacher-provided support and obstruction, and students' momentary academic engagement in high school science classrooms. ...Instrumental and emotional dimensions of support and obstruction were examined separately, and analyses tested whether the relationship between challenge and engagement was moderated by teacher support, teacher obstruction, and individual characteristics like gender and grade level. Students' perceptions of challenge were positively related to their momentary reports of engagement in science learning activities, while teachers' instrumental support was positively associated with engagement across all levels of perceived challenge. Even though teachers' provision of emotional support was not predictive of student engagement, teachers' emotional obstruction was negatively associated with student engagement. Teachers' instrumental obstruction had less consistent associations with student engagement, and was only associated with declines in engagement during those moments when students perceived greater challenge in class. Both gender and grade level emerged as moderators of the relationship between challenge and engagement. Results are discussed in terms of implications for future research and instructional practice.
Abstract
Background
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are unconventional, CD1d-restricted, T lymphocytes playing a critical role in mucosal immune homeostasis. iNKT cells plastically adapt ...their functional phenotypes to the surrounding environment and are involved in IBD pathogenesis. Although iNKT cells release proinflammatory cytokines in response to the altered gut microbiota of IBD patients, exposure to microbiota-derived metabolites can promote homeostatic IL10-mediated iNKT responses resulting in better clinical outcomes in Crohn's disease (CD) patients. Thus, understanding the mechanisms leading to iNKT cells’ functional shaping by microbiota-derived metabolites is important to design novel therapeutic approaches for IBD patients. We hypothesised that iNKT cells, serving as sentinels of tissue integrity, are the primary immune cells sensing microbiota-derived metabolic signals promoting the resolution of inflammation in IBD. In particular, here we show that microbiota-derived lactate can tightly control iNKT cell functions promoting iNKT cell-mediated mucosal tolerance while preventing T cell-mediated overt inflammation and tissue injury.
Methods
We performed immunophenotyping of iNKT cells by multiparametric flow-cytometry from surgical specimens of CD patients and correlated NKT10 responses with intra-colonic levels of lactate, gut microbiome composition and tissue injury/healing. We studied the molecular pathway determining the NKT10 phenotype in a lactate-enriched microenvironment by RNA-seq and CHIP-seq. We validated the role of NKT10 responses by microbiota-derived lactate in-vivo by using experimental colitis models.
Results
Our data suggest that microbiota-derived lactate plays a role in the epigenetic control of anti-inflammatory iNKT cell functions through histone lysine lactylation, thereby protecting from intestinal inflammation.
Conclusion
On overall our data show i) how microbiota-derived lactate modulates the immunophenotype of iNKT cells, ii) the mechanisms underlying the sensing of microbiota-derived lactate by iNKT cells, iii) iNKT cells role in inflammation resolution.
This work is supported by an ECCO grant '22 to Francesco Strati
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