Some Authors Get Rich Strauch, Bruce
Against the grain (Charleston, S.C.),
11/2022, Letnik:
34, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Alice Oseman flunked her entrance exam to Cambridge but found a far more lucrative path in life. At 17 she signed a two-book deal starting with her novel Solitaire. She wanted to read about female ...characters who have lifechanging moments that don't involve a man. Unable to find one, she wrote her own. Except it's about a shy gay boy with a crush on a rugby player. But no mind. Heartstopper graphic novels broke sales records and got picked up by Netflix. Now she's selling a million L worth of books a month in the UK alone.
I introduce the automation-by-expertise-by-training interaction in automated systems and discuss its influence on operator performance.
Transportation accidents that, across a 30-year interval ...demonstrated identical automation-related operator errors, suggest a need to reexamine traditional views of automation.
I review accident investigation reports, regulator studies, and literature on human computer interaction, expertise, and training and discuss how failing to attend to the interaction of automation, expertise level, and training has enabled operators to commit identical automation-related errors.
Automated systems continue to provide capabilities exceeding operators' need for effective system operation and provide interfaces that can hinder, rather than enhance, operator automation-related situation awareness. Because of limitations in time and resources, training programs do not provide operators the expertise needed to effectively operate these automated systems, requiring them to obtain the expertise ad hoc during system operations. As a result, many do not acquire necessary automation-related system expertise.
Integrating automation with expected operator expertise levels, and within training programs that provide operators the necessary automation expertise, can reduce opportunities for automation-related operator errors.
Research to address the automation-by-expertise-by-training interaction is needed. However, such research must meet challenges inherent to examining realistic sociotechnical system automation features with representative samples of operators, perhaps by using observational and ethnographic research. Research in this domain should improve the integration of design and training and, it is hoped, enhance operator performance.
Due to different growth and metabolic processes, reference values of alkaline phosphatase (AP) for children aged 3 month to 18 years are dependent on age and sex. They are not constant and differ ...from those of adults due to the growth processes taking place. Accordingly, reference levels of AP continuous across these ages were generated for boys and girls based on of a large German health- and population-based study, LIFE Child. We considered AP at different growth and Tanner stages and additionally its association with other anthropometric parameters. The association between AP and BMI was of particulary great interest due to controversial literature on this topic. The role of AP in liver metabolism was investigated by examining ALAT, ASAT, and GGT.
3976 healthy children (12,093 visits) were included from the LIFE Child study from 2011 to 2020. The subjects´ age ranged from 3 months to 18 years. Serum samples from 3704 subjects (10,272 cases, 1952 boys and 1753 girls) were analysed for AP after applying specific exclusion criteria. After calculating of reference percentiles, associations between AP and height-SDS, growth velocity, BMI-SDS, Tanner stage and the liver enzymes ALAT, ASAT and GGT were examined via linear regression models.
In the continuous reference levels, AP showed a first peak during the first year of life, followed by a plateau at a lower level until the start of puberty. In girls, AP increased beginning at the age 8, with a peak around 11 years, in boys beginning at the age 9, with a peak around age 13. Afterwards, AP values decreased continuously until age 18. In Tanner stages 1 and 2, AP levels did not differ between the two sexes. We found a strong positive association between AP-SDS and BMI-SDS. We also observed a significantly positive association between AP-SDS and height-SDS, which was stronger in boys than in girls. We found different intensities in the associations of AP with growth velocity depending on age group and sex. Furthermore, we found a significantly positive association between ALAT and AP in girls but not in boys, whereas ASAT-SDS and GGT-SDS were significantly positively associated with AP-SDS in both sexes.
Sex and age, but also BMI may act as confounding factors for AP reference ranges. Our data confirm the remarkable association between AP and growth velocity (or height-SDS, respectively) during infancy and puberty. In addition, we were able to specify the associations between AP and ALAT, ASAT, and GGT and their differences in both sexes. These relations should be considered when evaluating liver and bone metabolism markers, especially in infancy.
•We established new reference values for alkaline phosphatase from healthy children.•AP strongly depends on sex and age especially, during infancy and adolescence.•Tanner stage and anthropometric parameters such as BMI were associated with AP.•Growth parameters such as growth velocity and height-SDS were associated with AP.•We found positive, sex-depending associations between AP and ALAT, ASAT and GGT.
The low five-year survival rate of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and the low diagnostic rate of early-stage PDAC via imaging highlight the need to discover novel biomarkers and improve the ...current screening procedures for early diagnosis. Familial pancreatic cancer (FPC) describes the cases of PDAC that are present in two or more individuals within a circle of first-degree relatives. Using innovative high-throughput proteomics, we were able to quantify the protein profiles of individuals at risk from FPC families in different potential pre-cancer stages. However, the high-dimensional proteomics data structure challenges the use of traditional statistical analysis tools. Hence, we applied advanced statistical learning methods to enhance the analysis and improve the results' interpretability.
We applied model-based gradient boosting and adaptive lasso to deal with the small, unbalanced study design via simultaneous variable selection and model fitting. In addition, we used stability selection to identify a stable subset of selected biomarkers and, as a result, obtain even more interpretable results. In each step, we compared the performance of the different analytical pipelines and validated our approaches via simulation scenarios.
In the simulation study, model-based gradient boosting showed a more accurate prediction performance in the small, unbalanced, and high-dimensional datasets than adaptive lasso and could identify more relevant variables. Furthermore, using model-based gradient boosting, we discovered a subset of promising serum biomarkers that may potentially improve the current screening procedure of FPC.
Advanced statistical learning methods helped us overcome the shortcomings of an unbalanced study design in a valuable clinical dataset. The discovered serum biomarkers provide us with a clear direction for further investigations and more precise clinical hypotheses regarding the development of FPC and optimal strategies for its early detection.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We present spectroscopic evidence for the creation of entangled macroscopic quantum states in two current-biased Josephson-junction qubits coupled by a capacitor. The individual junction bias ...currents are used to control the interaction between the qubits by tuning the energy level spacings of the junctions in and out of resonance with each other. Microwave spectroscopy in the 4 to 6 gigahertz range at 20 millikelvin reveals energy levels that agree well with theoretical results for entangled states. The single qubits are spatially separate, and the entangled states extend over the 0.7-millimeter distance between the two qubits.
This article traces how the notion of finite limits to emissions based on 2 °C carbon budgets was applied to increase the credibility of a carbon-constrained future in two very separate realms, ...social movements contesting fossil-fuel development and the financial sector—a process yet to be described in the relevant political and financial literatures. For each realm and sub-areas within them, we apply a three-wave taxonomy to trace the application of 2 °C carbon budget based concepts—including stranded assets, the carbon bubble, divestment, and anti-pipeline campaigns—from the fringe to the mainstream in under 10 years. We do so by drawing on relevant primary documents and peer-reviewed literature, complemented by a quantitative textual analysis of relevant discourse from news sources. The article establishes how, in efforts to shift expectations, climate proponents used 2 °C carbon budgets to frame a stark choice between a safe climate with strict carbon constraints and growth-oriented fossil-fuel interests. The article also demonstrates that these concepts, and efforts inspired by them, contributed to constraints on fossil-fuel developments and interests, arguably further enhancing the credibility of a carbon-constrained future. We conclude with a discussion of the potentially self-reinforcing nature of such expectation dynamics and by highlighting overlapping implications for actors across finance, where investors reorient risk assessment around climate, and social movements, where activists disrupt states’ entrenched commitment to fossil-fuel expansion.
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