We used eight horses 1 to 12 years old to investigate the influence of irregular feeding times on the behavior. The animals were housed in individual boxes, fed with hay ad libitum and barley-oat ...mixture at three set times; 05:00 (earlier feeding) on Thursdays, 07:00 (delayed feeding) on Saturdays and 06:00 (regular feeding) on other weekdays. Direct observations took place in 10 continuous weeks; they started 1 h prior to feeding and lasted for 2 h. Long-term behaviors (i.e. hay and concentrate consumption, resting) were recorded every 5 min, short-term behaviors (i.e. kicking, pawing the ground, comfort behavior, taking a look toward the door) were recorded continuously. Compared to the regular feeding time, horses spent less time consuming hay, more time resting and less often took a look toward the door during the earlier feeding, whereas during the delayed feeding horses more often performed pawing the ground, kicking, comfort behavior, and took a look toward the door (p < .05). Our results indicate that deviations from the regular feeding schedule affected the behavior of horses and compromised their temporal predictability.
Slowenien Stuhec, Ivan
Jahrbuch für christliche Sozialwissenschaften,
01/2017, Letnik:
58
Journal Article
In Slowenien ist der christlich-soziale Gedanke seit dem Ende des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts bis heute mit sehr unterschiedlicher Intensität präsent. Hinsichtlich der 45-jährigen Herrschaft des ...kommunistischen totalitären Systems, das den christlich sozialen Gedanken aus der Öffentlichkeit verdrängte, kam es nach den Gesellschaftsveränderungen im Jahr 1990 zu einer Wiederbelebung in Theorie und Praxis. In den letzten fünfundzwanzig Jahren schwankt seine Präsenz im öffentlichen und akademischen Leben. Sowohl materielle Voraussetzungen als auch personelle Bedingungen für sozialethische Forschung und die Verbreitung der Sozialethik in der gesellschaftlichen Praxis sind nicht günstig. Die slowenische Gesellschaft braucht jedoch sozialethische Reflexion sowohl in Hinsicht auf ihre Vergangenheit als auch hinsichtlich der gegenwärtigen gesellschaftlichen Herausforderungen im eigenen Land, in Europa und in der globalen Welt.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of small amount of straw or hay (100 g/animal/day) and gender on pork characteristics, measured on slaughter line in longissimus dorsi et ...lumborum (LD) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles. We performed two replicates, each including 96 fattening pigs (half gilts and half barrows) reared under commercial conditions. Treatment had no effect on carcass characteristics and pH
45
in both muscles. The straw and hay treatments lowered pH
24
in LD muscle (straw: 5.71, hay: 5.74, control: 5.85), while hay treatment increased Fibre Optic Probe value (FOP
24
) in SM muscle compared to straw treatment (hay: 33.15, straw: 29.26). Gender had no effect on meat characteristics, but the interaction between treatment and gender revealed differences in FOP
24
in SM muscle in gilts but not in barrows. Based on pH
24
in LD muscle, straw treatment lowered percentage of pigs with DFD meat (straw: 6.2%, control: 28.6%), whereas based on FOP
24
in SM muscle, hay treatment lowered percentage of pigs with DFD meat (hay: 9.4%, straw: 32.8%; control: 27.0%). We conclude that a small amount of straw or hay has a beneficial effect on meat quality as it lowered the incidence of DFD meat.
The entering of the former Yugoslav states into European integrations poses a question for the states and churches how to place the religion into the society over again and consequently regulate the ...relationship between the religious and public institutions. The Catholic Church accepted the fact of secularization in the field of political life at the Second Vatican Council. In the last decades, a part of the secular world has discussed the role of religion in the society. In his review, Michael Reder thus posits a thesis that one could talk about a new attention towards religion. On this basis, the author builds the relationship between the state and the church and posits a thesis that religion is a legitimate factor in the society, that it has a cultural role, that religious communities are communities of interests and that the Catholic Church is an international legal subject. The latter contradicts the democratic and pluralist principles of a secular state and its legal order. Adapted from the source document.
Feeding of whole-wheat grains and a protein–mineral concentrate in sequence had been shown to modify behaviour in broilers and performance in laying hens. The objective of this study was to test ...whether sequential feeding with wheat would induce changes in laying hen's behaviour, feed intake, feather condition, and egg production. These parameters were measured on 320 non-beak-trimmed ISA Brown laying hens from 30 to 37 week of age. The birds were placed in 64 standard cages (five birds/cage) and allotted to one of four treatments. The control (C) was fed a complete conventional diet. Three treatments were fed sequentially with whole wheat (SWW), ground wheat (SGW) or ground wheat with added vitamin premix
+
phosphorus
+
2% oil (SGWI). In sequential treatments, 50% of the ration was fed as wheat and the remaining 50% as a protein–mineral concentrate (balancer diet). All treatments received their daily ration in two distributions: 09:00 (4
h after light on) and 16:00
h (5
h before light off). During weeks 30, 32 and 34, hens’ behaviour was recorded using scan sampling method (once per week during the light period), while focal sampling was used between the 32 and 34 weeks (2
h after each feeding, and 2
h in between). Feather condition of individual hen was scored at 30 and 37 weeks, number of eggs and feed intake were recorded weekly.
Sequential feeding delayed the oviposition for almost 1
h. When fed wheat-based diet (09:00–16:00
h) SWW birds spent less time feeding and stood still longer compared to birds in other treatments. Four hours after distribution of wheat diets, the occurrence of feather peaking was the highest in SWW and the lowest in the SGW treatment. The poorest feather condition was recorded in the SWW treatment. Total feed intake was the highest in the C treatment, while the intake of wheat diet and the ratio wheat diet intake/total feed intake was the highest in the SGWI treatment. We concluded that sequential feeding with whole wheat had detrimental effect on behaviour of laying hens probably due to long period of access to wheat used in this work. It is therefore suggested that wheat should be used either ground or presented on shorter time sequence. The time access should be reduced when whole wheat is used.
The article is based on the paper by dr. Joze Ramovs, who presented in this journal some basic theses for the change of legislation & for the national program for the care of elderly a few years ago. ...In the light of findings about the imperfection of Slovenian elderly care system, the authors present various residence forms in the German-speaking world which are very clearly indicating the modern trend. The ageing society is facing new challenges. The people in the third age are not only numerically increasingly stronger but also increasingly self-confident & autonomous. Mass & state-controlled retirement homes or other residence forms for the elderly generation are increasingly obsolete. They are being supplemented by the citizens' initiatives & self-initiative solutions which are very heterogeneous, from some kind of communes to intergenerational residence forms & mutual help. In the German-speaking world, both the legislation & the people's experience are founded on the autonomous citizen. In the same way, also in Slovenia, the turn must be made from the publicly directed social care of elderly towards the autonomous & arranged care, consisted of various & from the basis arisen residence forms. The presentation of good practices in this article may help to this. Adapted from the source document.
Pojavljanje novih pojmov v strokovnem in znanstvenem jeziku zahteva od znanstvenikov in strokovnjakov veliko skrb za posodabljanje maternega jezika takrat, ko se v svetu pojavi pojem, za katerega v ...slovenščini ni na voljo ustreznega prevoda. Ena od takšnih besednih zvez je animal welfare, za katero so v nekaterih slovenskih strokovnih krogih uporabili srbohrvaško besedo »dobrobit«. Pomen besede »dobrobit« je blaginja ali pa blagor, kar nikakor ne more biti sinonim za besedno zvezo animal welfare. Namen članka je predstaviti skrb za dobro počutje živali v preteklosti, različne definicije za to besedno zvezo in predlagati najprimernejši prevod v slovenščino.
The aim of our study was to examine average duration and frequency of behaviour of growing rabbits and possible influence of gnawing sticks as environmental enrichment on their daily rhythm of ...behavioural patterns duration. For this purpose 16 males of Slovenian sire line SIKA for meat production were recorded 24 hours per day, between 45 and 48, 58 and 61, 72 and 75, and 86 and 89 days age of rabbits. Animals were housed individually in wire-mesh cages equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. Half of the cages were enriched with wooden sticks of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Animals had free access to the feed and water; the daily duration of lighting was 12 hours. Rabbits spent a major proportion of time resting (59.03%). They were lying most of the time in abdominal (38.84%) and abdominal – lateral position (18.05%). The most common active behavioural patterns were body care (sum of grooming and scratching; 20.16%), feeding (10.25%) and sniffing (4.60%). Rabbits changed their behaviour on average 53.55-times, from three to 197-times per hour. The difference in daily rhythm of individual behavioural pattern duration between rabbits in enriched and control cages was mostly expressed around the time lights were turned on or off.
This experiment was designed to study the foraging behaviour of ewes on a pasture with paddocks with three different types of vegetation, herbaceous (n = 3), woody (n = 2), and semi open (n = 1). ...Forty sheep were bred on a farm in the Karst region of Slovenia. Ten sheep were focally observed during day light (5 a.m.–9 p.m.). Ewes were observed for 2 days in each paddock with one rotation, so 12 days in total. Grazing time, circadian rhythm of grazing, drinking frequency, and frequency of salt consumption were the observed behaviours. On average, ewes grazed for 10.5 hours a day (mean ± SD = 626.2 ± 47.2 min), with a significant difference between individual variation (P < 0.001). Sheep grazed the most in herbaceous paddocks (P < 0.001), with lower yet similar levels observed in woody and semi open paddock. The frequency of drinking and salt consumption was low. Individual grazing sheep would drink slightly less than once per day, while consuming salt on average 1.25 times per day. Drinking frequency was the highest in the semi open paddock with some trees and bushes, whereas salt consumption was most frequently observed in the woody paddocks.
Salivary cortisol was evaluated as stress measure in pigs of two malignant hyperthermia (MH) genotypes (NN and Nn), housed individually in metabolic cages and in comfortable large pens with straw. ...Three replicates were done, each including 8 German Landrace barrows, four (2 NN, 2 Nn) housed in pens and four (2 NN, 2 Nn) in metabolic cages. Altogether there were 24 animals included in the experiment. Saliva samples of all animals were collected simultaneously every 15 minutes between 8.00 and 11.00 a.m. on days 8, 22 and 36 of the experiment. Pigs in more stressful conditions (metabolic cages) had higher salivary cortisol values than pigs in pens, indicating that salivary cortisol might be a suitable indicator of stress in pigs. Higher salivary cortisol values in NN- in comparison to Nn- pigs indicated stronger response to stressful conditions in NN-genotype.
PDF
