There are two distinct combinations of psychopathic traits (primary and secondary) that have been proposed to be a function of unique cognitive-affective deficits. This study sought to use theories ...of psychopathy to understand the factors that exacerbate (i.e., provocation) and attenuate (i.e., distraction) aggression in individuals high in psychopathic traits in a controlled laboratory task. Male undergraduates, who scored across the range of primary and secondary psychopathic traits, completed the Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP; Taylor, 1967) under conditions of low and high provocation. Participants were also randomly assigned to either a distraction condition, in which they completed a distracting concurrent task, or a control condition, in which no such task was completed. Inconsistent with our prediction, results showed that regardless of condition, primary psychopathic traits were positively related to laboratory aggression. Consistent with our hypothesis, a positive association between secondary psychopathic traits and laboratory physical aggression was observed following high provocation among nondistracted participants; this association was significantly reduced among distracted participants. These results clarify the factors that contribute to aggression for individuals high in psychopathic traits and may provide directions for future intervention development.
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•Chitosan is a naturally abundant, non-toxic and biodegradable biopolymer.•The various factors which can affect the adsorption process were studied.•Adsorption process can simulate ...exactly by Langmuir and pseudo-second order models.•Langmuir maximum monolayer adsorption capacity calculated for RR was 1250mg/g.
The present study was established to analyse the capability of Malachite Green (MG), Reactive Red (RR) and Direct Yellow (DY) dyes adsorption onto chitosan synthesized from prawn shells. The effect of process parameters such as adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, temperature and initial concentration on dye adsorption were studied on the performance of dye removal. Chitosan was characterized by FTIR, SEM and BET analysis. The results showed that as the amount of the adsorbent was increased the percentage of dye removal increased correspondingly. Maximum dye removal was observed at pH 3. The isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin and Redlich–Peterson were examined and the appropriate model was identified. The adsorption capacities of the synthesized chitosan was 166mg/g for dye MG, 1250mg/g for dye RR and 250mg/g for dye DY. Dynamic adsorption studies show that the adsorption reaction was well represented by the pseudo-second-order kinetic process with intra particle diffusion being one of the rate limiting step. The thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption of dyes on chitosan was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic process. Results indicated that the synthesized chitosan was shown to be a promising adsorbent for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions.
Literature review reveals that Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are electron deficient compounds due to the presence of highly electronegative groups. ...Hence, they are more amenable to anaerobic biodegradation rather than oxidative metabolism. However, the studies on PCBs bioremediation are more inclined towards aerobic treatment. Besides, the past studies are mainly centered on screening and application of PCB-degrading microorganisms. In our opinion the degradative capacity is already present in the native microflora, and choice of electron donor is of paramount importance for faster reductive metabolism of PCBs. In this study, the use of methanol as electron donor with cow dung as the general microbial inoculum resulted in high specific rate of degradation (0.0542–0.0637 /day) for high-chlorinated biphenyls. The % removal of PCBs ranged between 67.7 and 71.7%. It may be the first study on the application of methanol as a cheap electron donor for PCBs biodegradation without bioaugmentation with specifically selected microorganisms.
Purpose
Subcooled flow boiling phenomenon is characterized by coolant phase change in the vicinity of the heated wall. Although coolant phase change from liquid to vapour phase significantly enhances ...the heat transfer coefficient due to latent heat of vaporization, eventually the formed vapor bubbles may coalesce and deteriorate the heat transfer from the heated wall to the liquid phase. Due to the poor heat transfer characteristics of the vapour phase, the heat transfer rate drastically reduces when it reaches a specific value of wall heat flux. Such a threshold value is identified as critical heat flux (CHF), and the phenomenon is known as departure from nucleate boiling (DNB). An accurate prediction of CHF and its location is critical to the safe operation of nuclear reactors. Therefore, the present study aims at the prediction of DNB type CHF in a hexagonal sub-assembly.
Design/methodology/approach
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed to predict DNB in a hexagonal sub-assembly. The methodology uses an Eulerian–Eulerian multiphase flow (EEMF) model in conjunction with multiple size group (MuSiG) model. The breakup and coalescence of vapour bubbles are accounted using a population balance approach.
Findings
Bubble departure diameter parameters in EEMF framework are recalibrated to simulate the near atmospheric pressure conditions. The predictions from the modified correlation for bubble departure diameter are found to be in good agreement against the experimental data. The simulations are further extended to investigate the influence of blockage (b) on DNB type CHF at low operating pressure conditions. Larger size vapour bubbles are observed to move away from the corner sub-channel region due to the presence of blockage. Corner sub-channels were found to be more prone to experience DNB type CHF compared to the interior and edge sub-channels.
Practical implications
An accurate prediction of CHF and its location is critical to the safe operation of nuclear reactors. Moreover, a wide spectrum of heat transfer equipment of engineering interest will be benefited by an accurate prediction of wall characteristics using breakup and coalescence-based models as described in the present study.
Originality/value
Simulations are performed to predict DNB type CHF. The EEMF and wall heat flux partition model framework coupled with the MuSiG model is novel, and a detailed variation of the coolant velocity, temperature and vapour volume fraction in a hexagonal sub-assembly was obtained. The present CFD model framework was observed to predict the onset of vapour volume fraction and DNB type CHF. Simulations are further extended to predict CHF in a hexagonal sub-assembly under the influence of blockage. For all the values of blockage, the vapour volume fraction is found to be higher in the corner region, and thus the corner sub-channel experiences CHF. Although DNB type CHF is observed in corner sub-channel, it is noticed that the presence of blockage in the interior sub-channel promotes the coolant mixing and results in higher values of CHF in the corner sub-channel.
Pexophagy is a selective autophagy process that degrades damaged and/or superfluous peroxisomes in the yeast vacuole or in mammalian lysosomes. The molecular mechanisms of pexophagy are well studied ...in yeast. Peroxisomes can be rapidly induced by oleate in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and by oleate or methanol in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris. A number of peroxisomal matrix enzymes, such as 3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase (thiolase) and alcohol oxidase (AOX), are upregulated correspondingly to meet metabolic demands of the cells. Removal of these peroxisome-inducing carbon sources creates conditions wherein peroxisomes are superfluous and results in pexophagy and the degradation of these peroxisomal matrix enzymes. In this chapter, we discuss different assays to monitor pexophagy in yeast. These assays rely on tracking the localization of the BFP-SKL protein (a peroxisomally targeted version of the blue fluorescent protein) by microscopy, biochemical analysis of the degradation of peroxisomal matrix proteins, thiolase and AOX, and/or measuring the reduction of AOX activity during pexophagy.
Summary
Dynamic ultrasound‐guided short‐axis needle tip navigation is a novel technique for vascular access. After venipuncture, the needle and catheter are further advanced within the vessel lumen ...under real‐time ultrasound guidance with constant visualisation of the needle tip in the short‐axis view. This can minimise the risk of transfixing the cannulated vessel. We compared two techniques for non‐visible saphenous vein cannulation under general anaesthesia in children weighing ≥ 3 kg and less than four years of age: dynamic ultrasound‐guided short‐axis needle tip navigation technique (ultrasound group) vs. landmark technique. Venous cannulation was performed by three experienced anaesthetists. The primary outcome measure was first‐attempt success rate. Success rate within 10 min was a secondary outcome. A total of 102 patients were randomly allocated to either the ultrasound group or the landmark group. First‐attempt success rate was 90% in the ultrasound group compared with 51% in the landmark group, p<0.001, difference 39%, 95% confidence interval (CI) of the difference 23–55%. Success rate within 10 min was 92% in the ultrasound group compared with 63% in the landmark group, p = 0.001, difference 29%, 95%CI of the difference 14–45%. We conclude that, when performed by experienced anaesthetists, the dynamic ultrasound‐guided short‐axis needle tip navigation technique improved non‐visible saphenous vein cannulation in children compared with the landmark technique.
IntroductionGastrointestinal hospitalisations in the USA cause over US$130 billion in expenditures, and acute pancreatitis is a leading cause of these hospitalisations. Adequate pain control is one ...of the primary treatment goals for acute pancreatitis. Though opioids are commonly used for analgesia in these patients, there have been concerns about short-term and long-term side effects of using opioids. Recently, non-opioid medications have been studied to treat pain in patients with acute pancreatitis. This systematic review and network meta-analysis aims to assess the comparative efficacy of analgesic medication for non-severe, acute pancreatitis.Methods and analysisWe will search multiple electronic databases for randomised controlled trials that study pain management in patients with non-severe, acute pancreatitis. The intervention will be any analgesic for acute pancreatitis in the hospital setting. The comparison group will be patients who received a placebo or other active interventions for pain management. The primary outcomes of interest include pain scores and the need for supplementary analgesia. The secondary outcomes will be serious adverse events, local complications, progression to severe pancreatitis, transfer to the intensive care unit, length of hospitalisation, time to start enteral feeds, 30-day all-cause mortality and Quality of Life Scale scores. If sufficient homogeneity exists among included studies, the findings will be pooled using a traditional pairwise and network meta-analysis. The risk of bias in randomised control trials will be evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach will be used to report the certainty of evidence.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review will not involve direct contact with human subjects. The findings of this review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. They will give healthcare providers a better awareness of the optimal analgesic medication for pain treatment in non-severe, acute pancreatitis.
Summary
Anaesthetists may be required to work in hybrid theatres for procedures using fluoroscopic imaging. Adequate knowledge of fluoroscopic images allows prompt and effective emergency management ...of complications which arise during procedures. Here, we present a case of severe hypotension and hypoxia occurring shortly after induction of anaesthesia. Atelectasis was mistaken for a pneumothorax due to misinterpretation of fluoroscopic imaging, which demonstrated a dark pleural cavity peripheral to a partially collapsed left lung, leading to an incorrect diagnosis. This case highlights the importance of understanding greyscale inversion in fluoroscopy.
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