This study reports for lactic acid production from different carbohydrates; monosaccharide (glucose, galactose, lactose) & disaccharides (sucrose) and from lignocellulose biomass (rice straw) by a ...novel strain ‘Lactobacillus sp. strain TERI-D3’. ‘TERI-D3’ strain produced 19.9, 19.4, 18.1 and 15.8 g/L of lactic acid from glucose, sucrose, lactose and galactose, respectively. Maximum lactic acid yield efficiency (0.97 g/g) was observed with glucose (>95% of the theoretical maximum yield). Lactic acid titer from glucose was 0.41 g/L. The lactic acid titer and yield from rice straw biomass sugar was; 11.58 g/L and 0.73 g/g (>80% of the theoretical maximum yield), respectively. The novelty of this study is that the ‘TERI-D3’ strain is a promising microbe for green lactic acid as it has potential to valorize cheese industry waste, algae biomass as well as to utilize inexpensive next generation lignocellulose biomass that are abundant and do not compete with food chain supply. This approach of recycling and or reuse of organic waste holds importance in the circular economy frame.
•A novel strain identified as Lactobacillus sp. strain TERI-D3 isolated from spent dairy water.•TERI-D3 strain utilized mono- and Di-saccharides to produce lactic acid with >95% yield efficiency.•This strain also valorised rice straw biomass sugar to produce lactic acid with 96% yield efficiency.•Lactic acid productivity of this strain from glucose was 0.41 g/L/h.
Gut microbes play prime role in human health and have shown to exert their influence on various physiological responses including neurological functions. Growing evidences in recent years have ...indicated a key role of gut microbiota in contributing to mental health. The connection between gut and brain is modulated by microbes via neural, neuroendocrinal and metabolic pathways that are mediated through various neurotransmitters and their precursors, hormones, cytokines and bioactive metabolites. Impaired functioning of this connection can lead to manifestation of mental disorders. Around 1 billion of the world population is reported to suffer from emotional, psychological and neurological imbalances, substance use disorders and cognitive, psychosocial and intellectual disabilities. Thus, it becomes imperative to understand the role of gut microbes in mental disorders. Since variations occur in the conditions associated with different mental disorders and some of them have overlapping symptoms, it becomes important to have a holistic understanding of gut dysbiosis in these disorders. In this review, we consolidate the recent data on alterations in the gut microbes and its consequences in various neurological, psychological and neurodegenerative disorders. Further, considering these evidences, several studies have been undertaken to specifically target the gut microbiota through different therapeutic interventions including administration of live microbes (psychobiotics) to treat mental health disorders and/or their symptoms. We review these studies and propose that an integrative and personalized approach, where combinations of microbe-based therapeutic interventions to modulate gut microbes and in-use psychological treatment practices can be integrated and based on patient’s gut microbiome can be potentially adopted for effective treatment of the mental disorders.
This study explored on evaluation of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) profile of Chlamydomonas sp. strain TERI-1 biomass, grown mixotrophically in organic acid rich Spent Effluent (SE). Biomass ...productivity and FAME profile of TERI-1 strain was monitored along with its sugar and organic acid removal efficiency from SE. Maximum growth of Chlamydomonas TERI-1 strain was observed in two fold diluted (50% SE) SE. TERI-1 assimilated 10.33% sugar, 77.4% acetic acid and 6.80% butyric acid from 50% SE. FAME profile of TERI-1 biomass, cultivated in four fold diluted SE (25% SE) was composed of 21% unsaturated fatty acids and 1.8% saturated fatty acids. The unsaturated fatty acid pool was composed of 16% mono unsaturated fatty acids and 5.8% poly unsaturated fatty acid. FAME profile indicated that Chlamydomonas TERI-1 algal strain has potential for application in biodiesel production.
•Chlamydomonas sp. strain TERI-1 was grown mixotrophically in organic acid rich Spent Effluent.•FAME profile of TERI-1 biomass, was composed of 21% unsaturated fatty acids.•The unsaturated fatty acid pool composed of 16% mono unsaturated fatty acids and 5.8% poly unsaturated fatty acid.•FAME profile indicated for suitability of TERI-1 strain for application in biodiesel production.
The aquatic plants,
, and
, were used as complementing phytoremediators of wastewater containing high levels of phosphate, which simulates the effluents from textile, dyeing, and laundry detergent ...industries. Their complementarities are based on differences in capacities to uptake nitrogen and phosphate components from wastewater. Sequential treatment by
followed by
led to complete removal of NH
, NO
, and up to 93% reduction of PO
. In experiments where
treatment was followed by fresh
, PO
concentration was reduced by 65%. The toxicity of wastewater assessed by shrimps,
, showed a four-fold reduction of their mortality (LC
value) after treatment. Collected dry biomass was used as an alternative carbon source for heterotrophic marine protists, thraustochytrids, which produced up to 35% dry weight of lipids rich in palmitic acid (50% of total fatty acids), the key fatty acid for biodiesel production. The fermentation of treated
biomass by
yielded up to 2.14 mol H
/mole of reduced sugar, which is comparable with leading terrestrial feedstocks.
and
can be used as a new generation of feedstock, which can treat different types of wastewater and represent renewable and sustainable feedstock for bioenergy production.
Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) of cyanobacteria and algae possess unique light harvesting capacity which expand the photosynthetically active region (PAR) and allow them to thrive in extreme niches where ...higher plants cannot. PBPs of cyanobacteria/algae vary in abundance, types, amino acid composition and in structure as a function of species and the habitat that they grow in. In the present review, the key aspects of structure, stability, and spectral properties of PBPs, and their correlation with ecological niche of cyanobacteria are discussed. Besides their role in light-harvesting, PBPs possess antioxidant, anti-aging, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties, which can be used in therapeutics. Recent developments in therapeutic applications of PBPs are reviewed with special focus on ‘
route of PBPs administration
’ and ‘
therapeutic potential of PBP-derived peptide and chromophores
’.
Diesel engines contribute significantly to deteriorating air quality. Tightening legislation has led to various technological advances, but developments differ between countries. In India, air ...quality has not improved and fine particle (PM2.5) related premature deaths are predicted to increase. In this study, we characterized the particle emissions of an Indian-manufactured BS IV (Bharat Stage, comparable to Euro emission standards) heavy-duty diesel vehicle and studied the effects of different fuels, fuel blends and lubricating oils. The main aims of the study were to investigate the particle emission dependency on fuel types and fuel blends used in India and to produce useful data for further use (e.g. legislative parties and modeling): emission factors (PN, PM, BC, other chemical compounds), size distributions and volatility of particles. Additionally, the sensitivity of the emissions to the lubricating oil choice was studied. Two lubricating oils, two fossil fuels conforming to BS IV and BS VI emission standards and two biofuel – BS IV fossil fuel blends were tested, one containing Renewable Paraffinic Diesel (RPD) and the other renewable Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (r-FAME). The tests were conducted on a chassis dynamometer (Delhi Bus Driving Cycle, DBDC). Our results show that the emitted particles were in ultrafine particle size range, and both the soot mode particles and smaller nanoparticles were affected by fuels and lubricating oils. The transition from BS IV grade diesel to BSVI was shown to have potential in reducing particle emissions (PN and eBC) of heavy-duty diesel vehicles in India. Blending fossil fuel with biofuel strongly affected particle number emissions, chemical composition, and eBC emissions and the emissions were highly sensitive to biofuel type. Changing the lubricating oil had a comparable magnitude of effect as changing the fuel and the results indicate that in order to reduce particle emissions, a combination of fuel and lubricating oil should be chosen, instead of choosing them separately.
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•A study on the particle emissions of an Indian-manufactured heavy-duty vehicle.•Two fossil fuels and two biofuel blends, two lubricating oils.•Emission factors for particle number, Black Carbon, and several chemical components.•Synergistic effects of fuel and lubricating oil.•Reduction of particle emissions via stricter grade fuels.
Microalgae have shown clear advantages for the production of biofuels compared with energy crops. Apart from their high growth rates and substantial lipid/triacylglycerol yields, microalgae can grow ...in wastewaters (animal, municipal and mining wastewaters) efficiently removing their primary nutrients (C, N, and P), heavy metals and micropollutants, and they do not compete with crops for arable lands. However, fundamental barriers to the industrial application of microalgae for biofuel production still include high costs of removing the algae from the water and the water from the algae which can account for up to 30-40% of the total cost of biodiesel production. Algal biofilms are becoming increasingly popular as a strategy for the concentration of microalgae, making harvesting/dewatering easier and cheaper.
We have isolated and characterized a number of natural microalgal biofilms from freshwater, saline lakes and marine habitats. Structurally, these biofilms represent complex consortia of unicellular and multicellular, photosynthetic and heterotrophic inhabitants, such as cyanobacteria, microalgae, diatoms, bacteria, and fungi. Biofilm #52 was used as feedstock for bioenergy production. Dark fermentation of its biomass by
DT-1 led to the production of 2.4 mol of H
/mol of reduced sugar. The levels and compositions of saturated, monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in Biofilm #52 were target-wise modified through the promotion of the growth of selected individual photosynthetic inhabitants. Photosynthetic components isolated from different biofilms were used for tailoring of novel biofilms designed for (i) treatment of specific types of wastewaters, such as reverse osmosis concentrate, (ii) compositions of total fatty acids with a new degree of unsaturation and (iii) bio-flocculation and concentration of commercial microalgal cells. Treatment of different types of wastewaters with biofilms showed a reduction in the concentrations of key nutrients, such as phosphates, ammonia, nitrates, selenium and heavy metals.
This multidisciplinary study showed the new potential of natural biofilms, their individual photosynthetic inhabitants and assembled new algal/cyanobacterial biofilms as the next generation of bioenergy feedstocks which can grow using wastewaters as a cheap source of key nutrients.
A mesophilic alkaline tolerant fermentative microbe was isolated from estuarine sediment samples and designated as Clostridium butyricum TM-9A, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence. Batch experiments were ...conducted for investigation of TM-9A strain for its growth and hydrogen productivity from glucose, in an iron containing basal solution supplemented with yeast extract as organic nitrogen source. Hydrogen production started to evolve when cell growth entered exponential phase and reached maximum production rate at late exponential phase. Maximum hydrogen production was observed at 37 °C, initial pH of 8.0 in the presence of 1% glucose. Optimization of process parameters resulted in increase in hydrogen yield from 1.64 to 2.67 mol of H2/mol glucose. Molar yield of H2 increased further from 2.67 to 3.1 mol of H2/mol of glucose with the decrease in hydrogen partial pressure, obtained by lowering the total pressure in the head space of the batch reactor. Acetate and butyrate were the measure volatile fatty acids generated during hydrogen fermentation. TM-9A strain produced hydrogen efficiently from a range of pentose and hexose sugars including di-, tri and poly-saccharides like; xylose, ribose, glucose, rhamnose, galactose, fructose, mannose, sucrose, arabinose, raffinose, cellulose, cellobiose and starch.
► A new hydrogen producing fermentative anaerobe was isolated from estuarine sediment. ► 16S rDNA sequence analysis identified the microbe as; Clostridium butyricum TM-9A. ► Process parameters were optimized for TM-9A for hydrogen production from glucose. ► Optimization of process parameters improved molar hydrogen yield of TM-9A strain. ► TM 9A strain utilized various mono-, di- and ploy-saccharides, to produce hydrogen.
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