Abstract
Ni is one of the important metal resources. Because Ni-containing waste liquid is drained after several plating turns in the factories, an effective recycling technique should be developed. ...A unique magnetic separation technique using high temperature superconducting bulk magnet has succeeded in collecting Ni-sulfate crystals, which were fabricated from the Ni-plating waste liquid. Pulsed-field magnetizing method was employed to activate the bulk magnet up to 2.80 T, which produced a field space of 1.40 T on the surface of the waste channel. Green coarse crystals were attracted from the flowing stream of Ni-saturated liquid containing weakly-magnetic particles of Ni-compounds. The magnetically-collected particles were identified as paramagnetic NiSO
4
/6H
2
O crystals, and slight differences in Ni concentration and grain size were observed between the particles attracted and not-attracted to the 1.8 T magnetic pole. In both cases, the large grains were found to consist of a single phase. The compound can be used as a raw material in the Ni-recycle process. This preferential extraction suggests a novel recycling method of Ni resource.
The electromagnetic and thermal behavior of pulsed field magnetization (PFM) of a superconducting joined bulk was confirmed in detail by FEM simulations. It was shown that when the joined bulk is ...magnetized by PFM, the joined part may become the preferential field penetration path due to the difference in superconducting properties between the matrix and the joined part. However, the actual experimental system only observes the behavior of the magnetic field outside the bulk, and the details are largely based on predictions. In the actual experiments, GdBCO was selected as the matrix and ErBCO was selected as the joined part for the superconducting joint. The joined sample was cooled to 50 K and subjected to an applied magnetic field of 5 T in the PFM. FEM simulations were performed to simulate the experiments in this study. By using J c values derived from actual measurements in the simulations, the magnetic field and thermal behavior were simulated, and it was confirmed that the joined part was the preferential field penetration path as in the experiment. In addition, the magnetic field distribution with and without joining confirms that the local melting method has no effect on the property degradation in increasing the size of the joined bulk. In addition, this system made it possible to confirm the magnetic and thermal behavior even when different REBCO materials are introduced.
Results of comprehensive long‐term simulations of surface all‐sky and clear‐sky ultraviolet (UV) radiation through 1960–2100 are presented. A new earth system model, MIROC‐ESM‐CHEM, is used for the ...simulation, which considers key processes that change the surface UV radiation: atmospheric dynamics and chemistry affecting ozone in the stratosphere and troposphere, aerosols and clouds in the troposphere, and changes in surface albedo with sea ice and snow cover. In contrast to previous assessments considering only the effect of long‐term change in stratospheric ozone, the simulated long‐term behavior of UV radiation in this study is strongly affected by other processes. In one of two simulations, all‐sky UV radiation in the northern midlatitudes is projected to increase in the 21st century despite the expected recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer. Reductions in aerosols and clouds are expected to overcompensate for the effect of ozone recovery. The results are sensitive to the future socioeconomic scenario, describing GHG concentrations and emissions of aerosol and ozone precursors in the troposphere. The interannual variability of UV radiation associated with the 11 year solar cycle and local processes is also discussed.
Key Points
Future all‐sky UV‐B radiation at the Earth's surface is projected by an ESM
The UV‐B is dramatically affected by the future socioeconomic scenarios
Tropospheric/stratospheric ozone, aerosols, clouds, and albedo affect the result
Summary
To investigate possible roles of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines in the anti‐arthritic effects of a blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni (Sm), for mouse collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA), ...wild‐type (WT), signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) knock‐out (KO) and interleukin (IL)‐10 KO mice were infected with Sm. Three weeks after infection, the mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen (IIC). Arthritis severity was monitored by scoring, measurement of paw thickness and the presence of ankylosis. Serum anti‐IIC IgG levels, splenic cytokine production and cytokine gene expression in the popliteal lymph nodes (PLNs) were measured and compared among WT and gene‐KO mice. Consistent with our previous findings, Sm infection reduced the arthritis severity in WT mice. Splenic production of IL‐17A and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α was reduced by the infection. In contrast, Sm infection markedly exacerbated CIA in STAT6 KO mice. In the KO mice, IL‐17A production was increased by the infection. Conversely, Sm infection did not affect the exacerbated arthritis in IL‐10 KO mice, although IL‐17A production was reduced by the helminth. Our results suggest that signaling via STAT6 (presumably IL‐4 and/or IL‐13) and IL‐10 is required for the suppression of CIA by Sm infection, but through different mechanisms. STAT6 was essential for helminth‐induced reduction of IL‐17A, whereas regulation of the basal arthritis severity by IL‐10 was needed in order for it to be sufficiently suppressed by the helminth.
Schistosoma mansoni infection reduces severity of collagen‐induced arthritis in mice. STAT6‐ mediated signaling and IL‐10 are essential for the anti‐arthritic effects of the helminth.
In this study, conditions for obtaining high-quality superconducting joint to a Gd-Ba-Cu-O bulk superconductor to investigate for the first time the effect of pulse field magnetization (PFM) ...properties of the joined bulk and to study an effective pulse magnetization method. We fabricated a good superconducting joint using the local melting method with sintered Er-Ba-Cu-O and applied the PFM method to the joined bulk. As a result, a high magnetic field of 1.2 T was trapped in the joined part when the magnetic field strength more than 5 T was applied at 50 K. From the evaluation results of the J c - B characteristics of each region cut from the joined sample confirmed that the joined sample was efficiently magnetized due to the preferential field penetration path and the dispersion of heat generation from the joined part. This is a finding that could lead to the future use of PFM in the bulk using superconducting joint with minimal reduction of the trapped magnetic field, and could simplify the magnetization method, which has been a drawback of PFM.
We have analysed time-slice simulations from 17 global models, participating in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP), to explore changes in present-day (2000) ...hydroxyl radical (OH) concentration and methane (CH4) lifetime relative to preindustrial times (1850) and to 1980. A comparison of modeled and observation-derived methane and methyl chloroform lifetimes suggests that the present-day global multi-model mean OH concentration is overestimated by 5 to 10% but is within the range of uncertainties. The models consistently simulate higher OH concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) compared with the Southern Hemisphere (SH) for the present-day (2000; inter-hemispheric ratios of 1.13 to 1.42), in contrast to observation-based approaches which generally indicate higher OH in the SH although uncertainties are large. Evaluation of simulated carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations, the primary sink for OH, against ground-based and satellite observations suggests low biases in the NH that may contribute to the high north–south OH asymmetry in the models. The models vary widely in their regional distribution of present-day OH concentrations (up to 34%). Despite large regional changes, the multi-model global mean (mass-weighted) OH concentration changes little over the past 150 yr, due to concurrent increases in factors that enhance OH (humidity, tropospheric ozone, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, and UV radiation due to decreases in stratospheric ozone), compensated by increases in OH sinks (methane abundance, carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic carbon (NMVOC) emissions). The large inter-model diversity in the sign and magnitude of preindustrial to present-day OH changes (ranging from a decrease of 12.7% to an increase of 14.6%) indicate that uncertainty remains in our understanding of the long-term trends in OH and methane lifetime. We show that this diversity is largely explained by the different ratio of the change in global mean tropospheric CO and NOx burdens (Delta CO/Delta NOx, approximately represents changes in OH sinks versus changes in OH sources) in the models, pointing to a need for better constraints on natural precursor emissions and on the chemical mechanisms in the current generation of chemistry-climate models. For the 1980 to 2000 period, we find that climate warming and a slight increase in mean OH (3.5 +/- 2.2%) leads to a 4.3 +/- 1.9% decrease in the methane lifetime. Analysing sensitivity simulations performed by 10 models, we find that preindustrial to present-day climate change decreased the methane lifetime by about four months, representing a negative feedback on the climate system. Further, we analysed attribution experiments performed by a subset of models relative to 2000 conditions with only one precursor at a time set to 1860 levels. We find that global mean OH increased by 46.4 +/- 12.2% in response to preindustrial to present-day anthropogenic NOx emission increases, and decreased by 17.3 +/-2.3%, 7.6 +/- 1.5%, and 3.1 +/- 3.0% due to methane burden, and anthropogenic CO, and NMVOC emissions increases, respectively.
Ozone changes and associated climate impacts in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) simulations are analyzed over the historical (1960–2005) and future (2006–2100) period under ...four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP). In contrast to CMIP3, where half of the models prescribed constant stratospheric ozone, CMIP5 models all consider past ozone depletion and future ozone recovery. Multimodel mean climatologies and long‐term changes in total and tropospheric column ozone calculated from CMIP5 models with either interactive or prescribed ozone are in reasonable agreement with observations. However, some large deviations from observations exist for individual models with interactive chemistry, and these models are excluded in the projections. Stratospheric ozone projections forced with a single halogen, but four greenhouse gas (GHG) scenarios show largest differences in the northern midlatitudes and in the Arctic in spring (~20 and 40 Dobson units (DU) by 2100, respectively). By 2050, these differences are much smaller and negligible over Antarctica in austral spring. Differences in future tropospheric column ozone are mainly caused by differences in methane concentrations and stratospheric input, leading to ~10 DU increases compared to 2000 in RCP 8.5. Large variations in stratospheric ozone particularly in CMIP5 models with interactive chemistry drive correspondingly large variations in lower stratospheric temperature trends. The results also illustrate that future Southern Hemisphere summertime circulation changes are controlled by both the ozone recovery rate and the rate of GHG increases, emphasizing the importance of simulating and taking into account ozone forcings when examining future climate projections.
Key Points
CMIP5 models all consider past ozone depletion and future ozone recovery
Multimodel ozone agrees well with observations but individual models deviate
Future climate is sensitive to rates of both ozone recovery and GHG increases
We use 23 atmospheric chemistry transport models to calculate current and future (2030) deposition of reactive nitrogen (NOy, NHx) and sulfate (SOx) to land and ocean surfaces. The models are driven ...by three emission scenarios: (1) current air quality legislation (CLE); (2) an optimistic case of the maximum emissions reductions currently technologically feasible (MFR); and (3) the contrasting pessimistic IPCC SRES A2 scenario. An extensive evaluation of the present‐day deposition using nearly all information on wet deposition available worldwide shows a good agreement with observations in Europe and North America, where 60–70% of the model‐calculated wet deposition rates agree to within ±50% with quality‐controlled measurements. Models systematically overestimate NHx deposition in South Asia, and underestimate NOy deposition in East Asia. We show that there are substantial differences among models for the removal mechanisms of NOy, NHx, and SOx, leading to ±1 σ variance in total deposition fluxes of about 30% in the anthropogenic emissions regions, and up to a factor of 2 outside. In all cases the mean model constructed from the ensemble calculations is among the best when comparing to measurements. Currently, 36–51% of all NOy, NHx, and SOx is deposited over the ocean, and 50–80% of the fraction of deposition on land falls on natural (nonagricultural) vegetation. Currently, 11% of the world's natural vegetation receives nitrogen deposition in excess of the “critical load” threshold of 1000 mg(N) m−2 yr−1. The regions most affected are the United States (20% of vegetation), western Europe (30%), eastern Europe (80%), South Asia (60%), East Asia (40%), southeast Asia (30%), and Japan (50%). Future deposition fluxes are mainly driven by changes in emissions, and less importantly by changes in atmospheric chemistry and climate. The global fraction of vegetation exposed to nitrogen loads in excess of 1000 mg(N) m−2 yr−1 increases globally to 17% for CLE and 25% for A2. In MFR, the reductions in NOy are offset by further increases for NHx deposition. The regions most affected by exceedingly high nitrogen loads for CLE and A2 are Europe and Asia, but also parts of Africa.
Genetic variations in dysbindin-1 (dystrobrevin-binding protein-1) are one of the most commonly reported variations associated with schizophrenia. As schizophrenia could be regarded as a ...neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from abnormalities of synaptic connectivity, we attempted to clarify the function of dysbindin-1 in neuronal development. We examined the developmental change of dysbindin-1 in rat brain by western blotting and found that a 50 kDa isoform is highly expressed during the embryonic stage, whereas a 40 kDa one is detected at postnatal day 11 and increased thereafter. Immunofluorescent analyses revealed that dysbindin-1 is enriched at the spine-like structure of primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We identified WAVE2, but not N-WASP, as a binding partner for dysbindin-1. We also found that Abi-1, a binding molecule for WAVE2 involved in spine morphogenesis, interacts with dysbindin-1. Although dysbindin-1, WAVE2 and Abi-1 form a ternary complex, dysbindin-1 promoted the binding of WAVE2 to Abi-1. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of dysbindin-1 led to the generation of abnormally elongated immature dendritic protrusions. The present results indicate possible functions of dysbindin-1 at the postsynapse in the regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis through the interaction with WAVE2 and Abi-1.
Introduction
Depression is frequent among older adults and is a risk factor for dementia. Identifying molecular links between depression and dementia is necessary to shed light on shared disease ...mechanisms. Reduced brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neuroinflammation are implicated in the pathophysiology of depression and dementia. The exercise‐induced hormone, irisin, increases BDNF and improves cognition in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Lipoxin A4 is a lipid mediator with anti‐inflammatory activity. However, the roles of irisin and lipoxin A4 in depression remain to be determined.
Methods
In the present study, blood and CSF were collected from 61 elderly subjects, including individuals with and without cognitive impairment. Screening for symptoms of depression was performed using the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐15).
Results
CSF irisin and lipoxin A4 were positively correlated and reduced, along with a trend of BDNF reduction, in elderly individuals with depression, similar to previous observations in patients with dementia.
Discussion
Our findings provide novel insight into shared molecular signatures connecting depression and dementia.
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