While daily hydration is best assessed in 24-h urine sample, spot sample is often used by health care professionals and researchers due to its practicality. However, urine output is subject to ...circadian variation, with urine being more concentrated in the morning. It has been demonstrated that afternoon spot urine samples are most likely to provide equivalent urine concentration to 24-h urine samples in adults. The aim of the present study was to examine whether urine osmolality (UOsm) assessed from a spot urine sample in specific time-windows was equivalent to 24-h UOsm in free-living healthy children.
Among 541 healthy children (age: 3-13 years, female: 45%, 77% non-Hispanic white, BMI:17.7 ± 4.0 kg m
), UOsm at specific time-windows morning (0600-1159), early afternoon (1200-1559), late afternoon (1600-1959), evening (2000-2359), overnight (2400-0559), and first morning was compared with UOsm from the corresponding pooled 24-h urine sample using an equivalence test.
Late afternoon (1600-1959) spot urine sample UOsm value was equivalent to the 24-h UOsm value in children (P < 0.05; mean difference: 62 mmol kg
; 95% CI: 45-78 mmol kg
). The overall diagnostic ability of urine osmolality assessed at late afternoon (1600-1959) to diagnose elevated urine osmolality on the 24-h sample was good for both cutoffs of 800 mmol kg
area under the curve (AUC): 87.4%; sensitivity: 72.6%; specificity: 90.5%; threshold: 814 mmol kg
and 500 mmol kg
(AUC: 83.5%; sensitivity: 75.0%; specificity: 80.0%; threshold: 633 mmol kg
).
These data suggest that in free-living healthy children, 24-h urine concentration may be approximated from a late afternoon spot urine sample. This data will have practical implication for health care professionals and researchers.
Background: Isolation of M. tuberculosis (MTB) is required in cases of Tuberculous pleural effusion (TBPE) for confirming diagnosis and successful therapy based on drug sensitivity test. Several ...studies have focused on predictors of MTB culture positivity in TBPE. However, the clinical role of loculated TBPE as a predictor of MTB cultivation from TBPE remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine possible predictors including loculation of TBPE of MTB culture positivity in TBPE. Methods: We retrospectively examined associations between clinical, radiological, microbiological, and laboratory characteristics and positive MTB culture from TBPE to determine a potent predictor of culture positivity. Results: From January 2011 to August 2015, 232 patients with TBPE were identified. Of these, 219 were finally analyzed. Among them, 69 (31.5%) were culture positive for MTB in TBPE and 86 (39.3%) had loculated TBPE. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the loculation of TBPE was independently associated with culture positivity for MTB in TBPE (adjusted odds ratio OR, 40.062; 95% confidence interval CI, 9.355-171.556; p<0.001). In contrast, the lymphocyte percentage of TBPE (adjusted OR, 0.934; 95% CI, 0.899-0.971; p=0.001) was inversely associated with culture positivity for MTB in TBPE. Conclusion: In clinical practice, identification of loculation in TBPE is easy, reliable to measure, not uncommon and may be helpful to predict the possibility of positive mycobacterial culture.
To characterize genes involved in fruit body development, two complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries were constructed from RNA isolated from liquid-cultured mycelia and fruit bodies of Pleurotus ...ostreatus. Using single-pass sequencing of cDNA clones, 952 and 1069 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated from liquid-cultured mycelia and fruit body cDNA library, respectively. A BLASTX search revealed that 390 of the liquid-cultured mycelia ESTs (41%) and 531 of the fruit body ESTs (50%) showed significant similarity to protein sequences described in the nonredudant database (E values ≤1 × 10−5). When liquid-cultured mycelia and fruit body ESTs were compared by the SeqMan II program, among the total of 2021 ESTs, 1256 ESTs were unigenes, and 66 unigenes (5.3%) were commonly expressed during both stages. The functional catalogs of the ESTs were made by comparison with functionally identified Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes. Liquid-cultured mycelium ESTs were compared with fruit body ESTs and changes of the expressed genes during fruit body development were analyzed.
It is unclear if mild-to-moderate dehydration independently affects mood without confounders like heat exposure or exercise. This study examined the acute effect of cellular dehydration on mood. ...Forty-nine adults (55 % female, age 39 (sd 8) years) were assigned to counterbalanced, crossover trials. Intracellular dehydration was induced with 2-h (0·1 ml/kg per min) 3 % hypertonic saline (HYPER) infusion or 0·9 % isotonic saline (ISO) as a control. Plasma osmolality increased in HYPER (pre 285 (sd 3), post 305 (sd 4) mmol/kg; P < 0·05) but remained unchanged in ISO (pre 285 (sd 3), post 288 (sd 3) mmol/kg; P > 0·05). Mood was assessed with the short version of the Profile of Mood States Questionnaire (POMS). The POMS sub-scale (confusion-bewilderment, depression-dejection, fatigue-inertia) increased in HYPER compared with ISO (P < 0·05). Total mood disturbance score (TMD) assessed by POMS increased from 10·3 (sd 0·9) to 16·6 (sd 1·7) in HYPER (P < 0·01), but not in ISO (P > 0·05). When TMD was stratified by sex, the increase in the HYPER trial was significant in females (P < 0·01) but not in males (P > 0·05). Following infusion, thirst and copeptin (surrogate for vasopressin) were also higher in females than in males (21·3 (sd 2·0), 14·1 (sd 1·4) pmol/l; P < 0·01) during HYPER. In conclusion, cellular dehydration acutely degraded specific aspects of mood mainly in women. The mechanisms underlying sex differences may be related to elevated thirst and vasopressin.
Abstract only
Formation of kidney stone affects approximately 1 in 11 people in the U.S., and it can develop into various adverse renal outcomes. Although American Urological Association guideline ...recommends having at least 2.5 L of urine daily by having a high fluid intake to reduce 50% of recurrence rate in stone formers, few studies have evaluated the association between urine concentration as a marker of hydration status and the risk of kidney stone formation.
PURPOSE
To identify the threshold of optimal hydration in order to classify patients as high risk for kidney stone formation.
METHODS
Total of 302 subjects from Southern France with a history of recurrent kidney stones were retrospectively included in the study (female: 40.4 %, age: 46±14 y, BMI: 25.3±5.0 kg·m
−2
). Tiselius calcium oxalate crystallization risk index (CRI) was calculated based on urinary calcium (6.42±3.60 mmol·24h
−1
), oxalate (0.36±0.14 mmol·24h
−1
), citrate (32.0±17.5 mmol·24h
−1
), and magnesium (4.31±1.74 mmol·24h
−1
) from 24 h samples. The ability of 24 h urine osmolality to classify patients as high risk for kidney stone crystallization was examined through the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. High risk for kidney stones crystallization was defined as CRI >1.61 and >1.18, for males and females, respectively. The correlation coefficient was also examined between 24 h urine osmolality (538±198 mOsm·kg
−1
) and 24 h urine volume (1,948±823 mL·24h
−1
) and 24 h CRI (1.23±0.71).
RESULTS
The overall accuracy for diagnosing high risk of stone formation (AUC, area under the curve) was 84.9%, with threshold of 577 mmol·kg
−1
(sensitivity: 78.4%, specificity: 81.6%) for the entire sample. When data where analyzed by gender, AUC for females was 84.6%, with cut‐off point of 501 mmol·kg
−1
(sensitivity: 83.3%, specificity: 76.0%). Males had AUC of 85.8% with thresholf of 577 mmol·kg
−1
(sensitivity: 85.5%, specificity: 77.6%). A moderate negative association was found between urine volume and urine osmolality (
r
=−0.632,
P
<0.05). Also a moderate but positive association was found between 24 h urine osmolality and Tiselius CRI index (
r
=0.638,
P
<0.05).
CONCLUSION
Urine osmolality >501 and >577 mmol·kg
−1
was assosicated with greater risk for kidney stone formation in patiens with history of recurrent kidney stone.
Copeptin, a c‐terminal segment of arginine vasopressin (AVP) prohormone, has equimolar secretion to AVP in response to osmotic, stress‐related, and hemodynamic stimulation. For this reason, and ...because of the difficulties in measuring AVP directly linked to its short half‐life, copeptin has been used as a stable and sensitive surrogate marker for AVP for various clinical indications. However, the plasma copeptin response to osmotic stimulation remains poorly documented.
PURPOSE
Examine the plasma copeptin response to plasma hyperosmolality induced by hypertonic saline infusion.
METHODS
Sixty healthy adults (50% male, age: 30±1 y, weight: 78.2±15.2 kg, body mass index: 26.9±4.0 kg·m−2) were infused intravenously with 3% (HYPER) or 0.9% (ISO) NaCl for 2 h (0.1 ml·kg−1·min−1) in a counterbalanced, cross‐over design. Blood samples were collected every 30 minutes. Plasma osmolality (POsm), copeptin (PCop; BRAHAMS copeptin proAVP, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germany), and sodium (PNa) were measured, and changes in plasma volume (PV) were calculated from hematocrit and hemoglobin using the Dill & Costill equation.
RESULTS
Following the HYPER trial, PNa increased from 136±2 mmol ·L−1 to 146.5±3 mmol ·l−1 (P < 0.001), with PV expansion of 18.7±7.3% (P < 0.001). Both POsm and PCop increased significantly (0 min: 286±3 mmol·kg−1 and 4.5±3.7 pmol·L−1; 120 min: 305±4 mmol·kg−1 and 20.4±12.8 pmol·L−1, respectively, P < 0.001). Mean (95% CI) PCop increased with increasing POsm: 3.2 (2.5–3.8) pmol·L−1 for POsm ≤ 284.9 mmol·kg−1; 5.4 (3.8–7.0) pmol·L−1 for POsm 285–289.9; 6.2 (4.3–8.0) pmol·L−1 for POsm 290–294.9; 8.5 (7.1–9.9) pmol·L−1 for POsm 295–299.9; 12.3 (10.2–14.4) pmol·L−1 for POsm 300–304.9; and 19.2 (16.3–22.2) pmol·L−1 for POsm ≥ 305 mmol·kg−1. In contrast, during the ISO trial PNa remained unchanged during the 2‐h infusion (135.9±1.9 vs. 137.6±1.6 mmol·L−1), while PV expanded by 10.5±4.4% (P < 0.001 compared to baseline; P < 0.001 compared to HYPER). Neither POsm (0 min: 285±4,120 min: 287±3 mmol·kg−1) nor PCop (0 min: 4.1±1.8, 120 min: 3.8±3.0 pmol·L−1) were affected during the ISO trial.
CONCLUSION
Plasma copeptin was stimulated by increased plasma osmolality during a hypertonic infusion.
Support or Funding Information
This research was supported by Danone Research
This is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this published in The FASEB Journal.
Low water intake and plasma hypertonicity have been independently associated with hyperglycemia and incidence of diabetes mellitus in epidemiological studies. Recent data also suggest that reducing ...water intake deteriorates glucose regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes. To date, it is unclear whether plasma hypertonicity would also impact glycemic control in subjects with normal glycemic and insulinemic function.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the effect of hypertonic saline infusion on glycemic responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in healthy adult men.
METHODS
30 healthy, non‐smoking adult men (36.6±7.0 y, 83.9±12.8 kg, body mass index 27.0±3.4 kg·m−2, HbA1c 5.2±0.3%, HOMA‐IR 1.59±0.97) were recruited for this study. Each subject underwent two experimental trials, consisting of a 2‐h intravenous infusion of saline (ISO: 0.9% NaCl and HYPER: 3.0% NaCl) at an infusion rate of 0.1 ml·kg·min−1, followed by a 4‐h oral OGTT. Blood samples were taken at 30 min intervals throughout the infusion period and during the OGTT. Plasma osmolality (POsm), glucose (Glu), angiotensin II (AngII), renin, and aldosterone (Ald) were measured and plasma volume (PV) was calculated using hematocrit and hemoglobin based on the Dill & Costill equation.
RESULTS
POsm at baseline was similar between conditions (287±3 and 286±3 mmol·kg−1 in HYPER and ISO, respectively). Following the 2‐h infusion, POsm was significantly higher in the HYPER condition than the ISO condition (305‐±3 vs. 288±3 mmol·kg−1; P < 0.0001), with greater PV expansion (20.1±6.9 vs. 10.9±3.2%, P < 0.0001). In the HYPER condition, POsm remained above baseline throughout the OGTT (296±3 mmol·kg−1 at OGTT4‐h; P < 0.0001). During the OGTT, Glu in the HYPER trial was higher than in the ISO trial at 60 min (HYPER: 157±24; ISO: 145±29 mg·dL−1; P < 0.018) and 90 min (HYPER: 139±33; ISO 128±29 mg·dL−1; P < 0.038). The renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system was suppressed as indicated by decreased plasma values of AngII, renin, and Ald, probably due to PV expansion in both trials.
CONCLUSION
Plasma hypertonicity induced by hypertonic saline infusion unfavorably affected glycemic response to an OGTT in healthy adult men.
Support or Funding Information
This research was supported by Danone Research
This is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this published in The FASEB Journal.
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