In this study the quality of Croatian coldblooded mare’s milk during six months lactation period was investigated. Samples of milk were collected throughout six month’s lactation, from 22 mares and ...included three consecutive lactations. Physicochemical properties (pH, °SH, density) and chemical composition of raw mare milk have been studied. Fat, lactose, protein and solid non fat contents were analysed by infrared spectrophotometry and by conventional methods. Somatic cell count and microbiological parametres such as the total bacterial count, Enterobacteriaceae, coagulase positive staphylococci as well as presence of pathogens, Salmonella species and Listeria monocytogenes were also researched. Results are presented as comparison of standard and instrumental methods for chemical analysis (fat, protein, solid non fat, lactose). The mean values are presented as trends during lactation. Results were analysed by Stata 10.0. For results obtained by using different methods there were significant differences between methods for milk fat on 10th day, lactose content on 10th and 60th day, and total solids non fat on 60th day of lactation. Values of milk fat, protein, lactose and solids non fat obtained on the 40th, 60th, 120th and 180th days of lactation by IR spectrometry were compared with the value obtained on the 10th day of lactation by the same method (IR spectrometry). Milk of the Croatian coldblooded mares showed stabile chemical composition for all ingredients except lactose (p=0.0001), and high microbiological quality throughout the lactation period.
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary vibroactivated clinoptilolite supplementation on the intramammary microbiological findings in dairy cows, causative agents of potential ...intramammary infection, and their sensitivity to antibiotics. Cows (
= 78) were randomly divided into two groups: CPL-treated group that received clinoptilolite (CPL) in-feed (
= 38), i.e., 50 g natural powdered zeolite CPL, twice daily from the seventh month of pregnancy to 75 days after calving, and the control group (CON) of untreated cows (
= 40). Milk samples were taken from each cow on days 7, 25, 45, and 75 postpartum. The following causative pathogens were isolated in 86 udder quarters:
in 5.81% of positive samples,
spp. 9.32%, coagulase-negative
(CNS) 22.09%,
13.95%,
1.16%,
sp. 3.49%,
8.13%,
spp. 6.98%,
spp. 11.63%,
sp. 10.47%,
spp. 2.33%, and
,
sp.,
sp., and yeasts each in 1.16% of samples. Additionally, 3.87% of environmental microflora samples (
= 47) and 89.06% of udder samples (
= 1083) were bacteriologically negative. The most effective antibiotics were cefoperazone and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, while cloxacillin and tetracycline were the least effective antibiotics in both groups. In the clinoptilolite supplemented (CPL) group (
= 38) of 14 cows, nine causative agents of mastitis were isolated in 27 quarters, while in the control (CON) group (
= 40) of 24 cows, 13 causative agents of mastitis were isolated in 59 quarters. Cows from the CON group had a 1.96 times higher risk of intramammary infection than cows from the CPL group during the observation period (odds ratio = 1.96,
= 0.0031; 95% CI = 1.2570-3.0770).
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Epidemiologic monitoring of wild animals is always an important step in defining potential zoonoses that can threaten humans. Particular emphasis should be given to those zoonotic agents permanently ...cycling within wild animal populations and represent a permanent reservoir for other wild or domesticated animals that can be direct sources of disease for humans. In Croatia, there are two European jackal populations: the Dalmatian population (DP) that has been inhabiting the islands and coastal area along the Adriatic Sea since medieval times, and the South East European population (SEEP) that is found in continental Croatia. Research on Trichinella infections in jackal populations in Croatia was conducted from 2008 to 2022. During this 15-year period, we tested 186 jackal samples and confirmed infection in 47 individuals (25.3 %). The dominant species was T. spiralis, identified in 28 samples (60 %), T. britovi was found in 13 samples (28 %), while for six samples (12 %) the PCR test was unsuccessful. In both populations, the Trichinella species of the domestic cycle (T. spiralis) was found, though in varying ratios: in DP the ratio of identified species was 10:6 in favour of T. britovi, as opposed to 22:3 in favour of T. spiralis in SEEP. The frequency of infection with parasites from the genus Trichinella was significantly different in DP (22.9 %) than in SEEP (26.7 %) (p<0.001), while the larval count in analysed tissue did not differ by type of Trichinella species (p=0.1028). Infected jackals were found in nine of ten tested counties. The results were analysed statistically and the origin of tested and positive samples shown on a map of Croatia. Based on these findings, both jackal populations can be considered to represent an exceptionally important indicators of parasites from the genus Trichinella in Croatia, both for the sylvatic and domestic cycles. There is an evident need for epidemiological monitoring for members of both populations.
Display omitted
Zadnjih se desetljeća kobilje mlijeko istražuje kao funkcionalna i ljekovita hrana. Sastav kobiljeg, humanog i kravljeg mlijeka znatno se razlikuje, a varira i o genetskim, fiziološkim i prehrambenim ...čimbenicima, kao i o uvjetima okoliša. Uspoređujući ga s humanim i kravljim mlijekom, kobilje mlijeko ima nižu energetsku vrijednost i niže vrijednosti masti. Sadržaj proteina sirutke i kazeina u kobiljem mlijeku sličan je onom u humanom za prehranu ljudi i čini ga pogodnijim od kravljega. Kobilje i humano mlijeko formiraju precipitat koji je lakše probavljiv od koaguluma kravljeg mlijeka. Vanjska membrana masnih globula, kao i raspodjela di- i tri- glicerida iz kobiljeg i humanog mlijeka su slične. Postotak nezasićenih masnih kiselina u kobiljem i humanom mlijeku veći je nego u kravljem mlijeku, a najveći dio otpada na polinezasićene masne kiseline sa srednjim i većim brojem ugljikovih atoma. Kobilje mlijeko zauzima sve više prostora u nutricionizmu zbog svojih specifičnih kemijskih i nutritivnih karakteristika.
The composition of mare, human and cow milk differs significantly depending on the genetic, physiological and nutritional factors, and environmental conditions. Compared to human and cow milk, mare milk has lower energy and fat values, while the protein content of mare milk is similar to human milk. The content of whey protein and casein in mare milk makes it more suitable than cow milk for human consumption. Mare and human milk form a precipitate, which is much easier to digest than cow milk coagulum, and the outer membrane of fat globules and the distribution of di- and triglycerides from mare and human milk are also similar. The percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in mare and human milk is higher than in cow milk, most of which are polyunsaturated with a moderate to higher number of carbon atoms. Due to its specific chemical and nutritional properties, mare milk is in the focus of interest as a functional and healthy food.
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), i.e., CAEV and MVV, cause insidious infections with life-long persistence and a slowly progressive disease, impairing both animal welfare and productivity in ...affected herds. The complex diagnosis of SRLVs currently combines serological methods including whole-virus and peptide-based ELISAs and Immunoblot. To improve the current diagnostic protocol, we analyzed 290 sera of animals originating from different European countries in parallel with three commercial screening ELISAs, Immunoblot as a confirmatory assay and five SU5 peptide ELISAs for genotype differentiation. A newly developed nested real-time PCR was carried out for the detection and genotype differentiation of the virus. Using a heat-map display of the combined results, the drawbacks of the current techniques were graphically visualized and quantified. The immunoblot and the SU5-ELISAs exhibited either unsatisfactory sensitivity or insufficient reliability in the differentiation of the causative viral genotype, respectively. The new truth standard was the concordance of the results of two out of three screening ELISAs and the PCR results for serologically false negative samples along with genotype differentiation. Whole-virus antigen-based ELISA showed the highest sensitivity (92.2%) and specificity (98.9%) among the screening tests, whereas PCR exhibited a sensitivity of 75%.
U rujnu i listopadu 1938. godine pojavila se pojedinačno u turopoljskim selima Rakarje, Buševec i Kurilovec, a kao ograničena epizootija i u Mraclinu akutna neurološka bolest konja. Bolest je dobila ...naziv “mraclinska bolest konja” (MBK). Od ove bolesti oboljelo je i liječeno 200 od ukupno 442 konja u selu, a 25 ih je uginulo. Svi su imali gotovo jednake akutne neurološke simptome. Uzrok bolesti nikada nije dokazan. Velika sličnost kliničkih znakova MBK s bolešću konja prouzročene virusom Zapadnog Nila (VZN) ponukali su na pretpostavku da je VZN izazvao MBK 1938. godine. Analize razudbenih i patohistoloških nalaza uginulih konja ukazuju na masivnu nekrozu jetre prouzročenu intoksikacijom, kao osnovnim uzrokom uginuća. Živčani simptomi su posljedica hepatične encefalopatije, a krvarenja i žutica su očite posljedice jetrene disfunkcije. Može se zaključiti da je jedan od mogućih uzroka mraclinske bolesti konja intoksikacija. Ovakav je zaključak utemeljen na pronađenim patološkim nalazima iz 1938. godine u arhivi Zavoda za patologiju Veterinarskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Moguće pitanje je isto tako, čime su se konji otrovali? Diferencijalno dijagnostički je teško, ali ne i nemoguće isključiti virusne uzročnike bolesti poput VZN, što bi svakako jako pomoglo u točnom otkrivanju uzroka MBK iz 1938. godine.
U ovom su radu prikazani rezultati mikrobioloških pretraga sekreta vimena krava s različitim oblicima upala mliječnih žlijezda. Pretraženi su uzorci tijekom pet godina dostavljani u Laboratorij za ...dijagnostiku Veterinarskog zavoda Križevci, podrijetlom iz 7 županija sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Uzorci su pretraženi konvencionalnim mikrobiološkim metodama u aerobnim uvjetima. Ukupno je obrađeno 1264 uzorka, a pozitivan rezultat ustvrđen je u 983 slučaja ili 77,76 % uzoraka. Pri tome je izdvojeno 967 sojeva bakterija; u 9 slučajeva izdvojene su kvasnice, a u 7 slučajeva alge. Osjetljivost prema antimikrobnim lijekovima određivana je disk-difuzijskom metodom. Od pozitivnih mikrobioloških nalaza 14,24 % izolata pripada vrsti Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a između njih je 60 % rezistentno na OX. Sojevi S. aureus pokazali su najvišu osjetljivost prema AMC (91,4 %) te prema CEQ (90,7 %). Koagulaza–negativni stafilokoki (CNS) čine 19,23 % pozitivnih slučajeva, s najboljom osjetljivosti prema CEQ (84,6 %). Streptococcus agalactiae ustanovljen je u 3,36 % pozitivnih uzoraka, a pokazao je dobru osjetljivost prema CPZ i CEQ (87,9 %). Ostali streptokoki (po Lancefieldovoj grupe C, D i ostale) čine 39,47 % pozitivnih nalaza i pokazali su najbolju osjetljivost prema AMC (95,4 %) i CEQ (92,8 %). Od Gram-negativnih bakterija među pozitivnim uzorcima najčešće je zastupljena: Escherichia coli (9,46 %), a zatim rodovi Pseudomonas, Enterobacter i Klebsiella (3,46 %, 2,64 % i 0,1 % kako slijedi). Kvasnice (Candida spp.) i alge (Prototheca spp.) su izdvojeneumanjeod1%slučajeva.Rezultati pokazuju da je postotak stafilokoknih i streptokoknih mastitisa podjednak onima u dosadašnjim istraživanjima, no uočen je trend povećanja broja rezistentnih sojeva vrste S. aureus. Pouzdan mikrobiološki nalaz s antibiogramom je uz kliničku pretragu temelj kontrole mastitisa u našim uvjetima, jer različite vrste mikrorganizma zahtijevaju različite pristupe u liječenju, kao što su izbor antibiotika, cijepljenje, zasušivanje četvrti ili kao zadnji izbor izlučenje životinje.
In this study the quality of Croatian coldblooded mare’s milk during six
months lactation period was investigated. Samples of milk were collected throughout six month’s lactation, from 22 mares and ...included three consecutive lactations. Physicochemical properties (pH, °SH, density) and chemical composition of raw mare milk have been studied. Fat, lactose, protein and solid non fat contents were analysed by infrared spectrophotometry and by conventional methods. Somatic cell count and microbiological parametres such as the total bacterial count, Enterobacteriaceae, coagulase positive staphylococci as well as presence
of pathogens, Salmonella species and Listeria monocytogenes were also researched. Results are presented as comparison of standard and instrumental methods for chemical analysis (fat, protein, solid non fat,
lactose). The mean values are presented as trends during lactation. Results were analysed by Stata 10.0. For results obtained by using different methods there were significant differences between methods for
milk fat on 10th day, lactose content on 10th and 60th day, and total solids non fat on 60th day of lactation. Values of milk fat, protein, lactose and solids non fat obtained on the 40th, 60th, 120th and 180th days of lactation by IR spectrometry were compared with the value obtained on the 10th day of lactation by the same method (IR spectrometry). Milk of the Croatian coldblooded mares showed stabile chemical composition for all ingredients except lactose (p=0.0001), and high microbiological quality throughout the lactation period.
U ovom je radu istražena kvaliteta mlijeka hrvatskih hladnokrvnih kobila tijekom šestmjesečne laktacije. Uzorci mlijeka prikupljeni su od 22 kobile kroz tri uzastopne laktacije. Proučavane su fizikalno-kemijske osobine (pH, SH, gustoća) i kemijski sastav sirovog kobiljeg mlijeka. Mliječna mast, laktoza, bjelančevine i bezmasna suha tvar analizirani su infracrvenom spektrofotometrijom i konvencionalnim metodama.
Utvrđen je broj somatskih stanica te ukupni broj bakterija. Od mikrobioloških parametara pretražene su Enterobacteriaceae, koagulazni pozitivni stafilokoki i utvrđeno je odsustvo patogena (Salmonella vrste i Listeria monocytogenes). Rezultati su prikazani kao usporedba standardnih i instrumentalnih metoda za kemijske analize (masti, bjelančevine, bezmasna suha tvar, laktoza). Srednje vrijednosti prikazane su
kao trendovi tijekom laktacije. Rezultati su statistički analizirani pomoću programa Stata 10.0. Za rezultate dobivene primjenom različitih metoda zabilježene su statistički značajne razlike između metoda u udjelu mliječne masti 10. dana laktacije, sadržaj laktoze 10. i 60. dana te ukupne suhe tvari 60. dana laktacije. Vrijednosti mliječne masti, bjelančevina, laktoze i bezmasne suhe tvari dobivene 40., 60., 120. i 180. dana laktacije IR spektrometrijom uspoređene su s vrijednošću dobivenom 10. dana laktacijeistom metodom (IR spektrometrija). Mlijeko hrvatskih hladnokrvnih kobila pokazalo je stabilan kemijski sastav za sve sastojke osim laktoze (p=0.0001) i visoku mikrobiološku kvalitetu tijekom cijelog laktacijskog razdoblja.
U ovom su radu prikazani rezultati mikrobioloških pretraga sekreta vimena krava s različitim oblicima upala mliječnih žlijezda. Pretraženi su uzorci tijekom pet godina dostavljani u Laboratorij ...za dijagnostiku Veterinarskog zavoda Križevci, podrijetlom iz 7 županija sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Uzorci su pretraženi konvencionalnim mikrobiološkim metodama u aerobnim uvjetima. Ukupno je obrađeno 1264 uzorka, a pozitivan rezultat ustvrđen je u 983 slučaja ili 77,76 % uzoraka. Pri tome je izdvojeno 967 sojeva bakterija; u 9 slučajeva izdvojene su kvasnice, a u 7 slučajeva alge. Osjetljivost prema antimikrobnim lijekovima određivana je disk-difuzijskom metodom. Od pozitivnih mikrobioloških nalaza 14,24 % izolata pripada vrsti Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a između njih je 60 % rezistentno na OX. Sojevi S. aureus pokazali su najvišu osjetljivost prema AMC (91,4 %) te prema CEQ (90,7 %). Koagulaza–negativni stafilokoki (CNS) čine 19,23 % pozitivnih slučajeva, s najboljom osjetljivosti prema CEQ (84,6 %). Streptococcus agalactiae ustanovljen je u 3,36 % pozitivnih uzoraka, a pokazao je dobru osjetljivost prema CPZ i CEQ (87,9 %). Ostali streptokoki (po Lancefieldovoj grupe C, D i ostale) čine 39,47 % pozitivnih nalaza i pokazali su najbolju osjetljivost prema AMC (95,4 %) i CEQ (92,8 %). Od Gram-negativnih bakterija među pozitivnim uzorcima najčešće je zastupljena: Escherichia coli (9,46 %), a zatim rodovi Pseudomonas, Enterobacter i Klebsiella (3,46 %, 2,64 % i 0,1 % kako slijedi). Kvasnice (Candida spp.) i alge (Prototheca spp.) su izdvojeneumanjeod1%slučajeva.Rezultati pokazuju da je postotak stafilokoknih i streptokoknih mastitisa podjednak onima u dosadašnjim istraživanjima, no uočen je trend povećanja broja rezistentnih sojeva vrste S. aureus. Pouzdan mikrobiološki nalaz s antibiogramom je uz kliničku pretragu temelj kontrole mastitisa u našim uvjetima, jer različite vrste mikrorganizma zahtijevaju različite pristupe u liječenju, kao što su izbor antibiotika, cijepljenje, zasušivanje četvrti ili kao zadnji izbor izlučenje životinje.
This paper summarises the results of microbiological testing of milk samples from cows suffering from mammary gland inflammation. The examined samples were delivered to the Diagnostic Laboratory of the Križevci Veterinary Institute over a 5-year period, originating from seven counties in northwestern Croatia. Samples were screened by conventional microbiological methods under aerobic conditions. A total of 1264 samples were processed, and a positive result was found in 983 cases (77.76%). In total, 967 strains of bacteria were isolated, while nine samples contained yeast and seven contained algae. Susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs was determined by the disk diffusion method. Among the positive microbiological findings, 14.24% of the isolates belonged to the speciesStaphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and 60% of these were oxacillin-resistant. S. aureus strains showed the highest susceptibility to AMC (91.4%) and CEQ (90.7%). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) accounted for 19.23% of positive cases, with the highest sensitivity to CEQ (84.6%). Streptococcus agalactiae was found in 3.36% of positive samples and showed good susceptibility to CPZ and CEQ (87.9%). Other streptococci (according to Lancefield group C, D and others) accounted for 39.47% of positive findings. They showed the highest sensitivity to AMC (95.4%), and CEQ (92.8%). Among the Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (9.46%) was the most common finding, followed by the genera Pseudomonas, Enterobacter and Klebsiella (3.46%, 2.64% and 0.1%, respectively). Yeasts (Candida spp.) and algae (Prototheca spp.) were isolated in less than 1% of cases. The results show that the percentage of staphylococcal and streptococcal mastitis is similar to previous reports, though an increasing trend in the number of resistant strains of S. aureus was noted. A reliable microbiological finding with an antimicrobial susceptibility test, accompanied with clinical examination is the foundation of mastitis control in our conditions, as different types of microorganisms require different treatment approaches, such as antibiotic selection, vaccination, various drying-off practices, or exclusion of the animal as a last choice.
PDF
