•The core-clad Tb(3+)-doped Ga-Ge-As-Se/Ge-As-S chalcogenide glass fiber is fabricated.•The high-purity 1050 ppmw Tb(3+)-doped core Ga3.2Ge24.9As15.3Se56.6 glass was prepared.•The content of limiting ...hydrogen impurities in the doped glass was not more than 1 ppm(at).•For the first time, the mid-IR laser action in the prepared Tb(3+)-doped chalcogenide fiber was achieved.
The core-clad Tb3+-doped Ga-Ge-As-Se/Ge-As-S chalcogenide glass fiber is fabricated and tested in laser experiment. To prepare the high-purity terbium doped Ga-Ge-As-Se core glass, the special multi-stage purification technique is developed. The 1050 ppmw Tb3+-doped core Ga3.2Ge24.9As15.3Se56.6 glass is characterized by an extra-low content of limiting hydrogen impurity, high stability against crystallization and strong broadband photoluminescence in the middle infrared range. The doped chalcogenide fiber has a total diameter of 400 μm, a core diameter of 18 μm, and minimum optical losses of 3 ± 0.3 dB/m at a wavelength of 7.1 μm. Using a Tm3+ 1.98 μm fiber laser as a pump source, the threshold of 5.38 μm lasing with spike structure was reached in chalcogenide fiber for the first time.
•Ge20Se80 and Ga10Ge15Te73I2 glass fibers for sensing elements are prepared and investigated.•The low-loss multimode As38Se62/As35Se65 fibers are fabricated and applied as flexible waveguides in ...sensor system.•Mid-IR fiber-optic probes with various combinations of the material of flexible waveguides and sensing elements are manufactured and tested for FEWS analysis.•The Ga10Ge15Te73I2 fiber tips are shown to allow FEWS in the 5–15 µm spectral range.•The U-shaped Ge20Se80 sensing elements with a taper have the highest sensitivity.
Optical fibers on the base of especially pure Ge20Se80 and Ga10Ge15Te73I2 glasses are prepared and applied as the material of sensing elements. To connect the sensing element to the attachment of an IR Fourier spectrometer, flexible fibers based on polycrystalline silver halides and As-Se glasses are used. The prepared multimode As38Se62/As35Se65 fiber has a minimum optical loss of 40 dB/km at 3 µm that is a record low value among core-clad selenide fibers. Fiber-optic probes with various combinations of the material of flexible fibers and sensing elements are manufactured and tested for FEWS analysis of different model organic mixtures. The promising version of a fiber-optic probe is shown to be a device with polycrystalline silver halide flexible fibers and the chalcogenide fiber sensing element. The Ga10Ge15Te73I2 fiber tips allow analysis in the 5–15 µm spectral range. The U-shaped Ge20Se80 sensing elements with a taper show the highest sensitivity.
—
We have developed and tested a technique for total carbon determination in small sulfur samples (0.1–1.5 g), as well as in volatile and nonvolatile impurities in sulfur. The technique involves ...IR-spectroscopic determination of carbon dioxide resulting from the oxidation of a sulfur sample and the nonvolatile residue or gaseous impurities with copper(II) oxide. The detection limit of the technique for carbon is 0.3–1.5 μg, and the error of determination is 20%. We have determined the percentage of carbon in sulfur samples of various origins and in volatile and nonvolatile impurities in the samples.
Spectral characteristics and laser performance of a bulk Tb
3+
-doped selenide glass were studied at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. Under pumping with a pulsed 2.94 μm Er: YAG laser the ...output energy up to 36 mJ at 5.25 μm and wavelength tuning within 5.05–5.55 μm spectral range were demonstrated.
Glass-forming systems based on GeS
x
have a wide practical application. Therefore, their crystallization from supercooled melt was studied in many works, mainly by differential scanning calorimetry ...and X-ray powder diffraction analysis. Explanation of the experimentally determined crystallization behavior using the thermodynamic method of Gibbs energy minimization enabled one to develop a predictive procedure for identifying the crystallizing phases and the temperature conditions of their separation, depending on the initial composition of the GeS
x
Bi
0.02
glass (
x
= 1.25, 1.35, 1.4, and 1.6), and also allowed one to formulate a thermodynamic factor of crystallization resistance of glass. Comparison of the Gibbs energy calculated using the associated solution model with the Gibbs energy values obtained experimentally in the supercooled solution region made it possible to find the standard enthalpy of formation for each glass composition. Finally, the supersaturation to crystallization, which is the basis of the thermodynamic factor of crystallization and is an index of the crystallization resistance of glass, is determined by the difference of the chemical potentials of a component of the glass-forming system in the crystalline state and in the supercooling solution state. The procedure to predict and choose crystallization-resistant glasses promotes technological developments of novel fiber optic light guides.
•The IR spectrometric method for determining hydrogen impurities in liquid sulfur is developed.•The temperature dependence of the SH-groups content in sulfur samples at 300–550 °C is studied.•The ...multi-stage technique for deep sulfur purification is developed.•Sulfur is shown to be the essential source of hydrogen impurity and heterogeneous inclusions in Ga-Ge-S glasses.•The minimum hydrogen content in the form of SH-groups in the Ga5Ge36S59 glass prepared from the special purified sulfur was 0.10 ± 0.02 ppm(at).
The IR spectrometric method for determination of hydrogen impurities in the form of SH-groups in liquid sulfur is developed. The temperature dependence of the content of SH-groups in sulfur samples in the range of 300–550 °C is studied. The technique for deep sulfur purification including vacuum distillation, passing sulfur vapor through catalysts based on silicon, aluminum and cerium oxides, and filtering the vapor using high-purity silica-glass micro-filters is developed. The sulfur containing 40±4 ppb(at) SH-group is prepared. By using the high-purity sulfur samples of various origins, Ga5Ge36S59 glasses are synthesized. Sulfur is shown to be the essential source of hydrogen impurity and heterogeneous inclusions in the glasses. The minimum hydrogen content in the form of SH-groups in the Ga5Ge36S59 glass sample, prepared from the sulfur purified using the developed technique, is 0.10±0.02 ppm(at). The content of heterogeneous micron-sized inclusions in this glass sample is not exceed 10 pieces/cm3.
Forward Diffractive Detector control system for Run 3 in the ALICE experiment Mejía Camacho, J.M.; Rodríguez Ramírez, S.A.; Cabanillas Noris, J.C. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
05/2023, Letnik:
1050
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The ALICE experiment went through major upgrades in preparation for Runs 3 and 4 at the CERN LHC, which foresee a significant increase in the data stream rate. To cope with it, a new Computing System ...Online–Offline (O2) was developed by ALICE and several detectors were upgraded. One of these upgrades corresponded to the ALICE Diffractive (AD) detector, which was replaced by the new Forward Diffractive Detector (FDD). A fundamental system that allows for recording of data as well as for the stable and safe operation of the experimental setup is the Detector Control System (DCS). The DCS controls, monitors, and configures detectors’ hardware and their subsystems among which are commercial hardware and specific custom equipment. In this work, we describe the implementation of the DCS of FDD, which was designed and developed using the SCADA commercial software WinCC Open Architecture (WinCC-OA®) and the Joint Controls Project (JCOP) Framework. We also describe the modeling of FDD-DCS as a finite state machine to be integrated into the ALICE Central DCS, and to be operated by DCS shifters in the run control center and, remotely, by detector experts. This new DCS was developed to comply with the new LHC operational standards that allow for processing the increased luminosity due to collisions at a higher energy, and for fulfilling the specific requirements of the ALICE experiment, in order to address the scientific challenges of its physics program.
4.9–5.5 µm laser oscillations were observed in high-purity bulk terbium-doped Ge
36
Ga
5
Se
59
glass pumped by pulsed 2.93 µm Er:YAG laser. This is the first evidence of laser action corresponding to
...7
F
5
–
7
F
6
transition of Tb
3+
ions and of mid-infrared lasing in chalcogenide glass host.
New approach of phosphate–sulfate synthesis, preventing sulfur elimination was proposed. It implies sulfur encasement into intermediate with heightened thermal resistance, thus the synthesis ...temperature of phosphate–sulfate could be increased, and crystallization can be performed. This method is considered to be capable by example of obtaining of Pb
2/3
FeZr(PO
4
)
7/3
(SO
4
)
2/3
ceramic. It was synthesized by means of sol–gel method via formation of intermediate PbSO
4
, which encased sulfur and eventually led to formation of mentioned before phosphate–sulfate. Obtained sample was characterized via X-ray, IR, combined DTA–TG, SEM and microprobe electron analysis. Crystal structure and unit cell parameters were derived from least-squares refinement of powder X-ray diffraction data (NZP-type, sp. gr.
R
3
¯
c
,
a
= 8.6339 Å,
c
= 23.2991 Å, V = 1504.1 Å
3
). Thermal expansion (
α
a
= 0.96·10
−6
,
α
c
= 3.24·10
−6
,
α
av
= 1.76·10
−6
K
−1
) of compound also has been studied. There is a wide area of interest, due to development of ceramics with low thermal expansion.
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