Natural materials are anisotropic. Delivery systems occurring in nature, such as viruses, blood cells, pollen, and many others, do have anisotropy, while delivery systems made artificially are mostly ...isotropic. There is apparent complexity in engineering anisotropic particles or capsules with micron and submicron sizes. Nevertheless, some promising examples of how to fabricate particles with anisotropic shapes or having anisotropic chemical and/or physical properties are developed. Anisotropy of particles, once they face biological systems, influences their behavior. Internalization by the cells, flow in the bloodstream, biodistribution over organs and tissues, directed release, and toxicity of particles regardless of the same chemistry are all reported to be factors of anisotropy of delivery systems. Here, the current methods are reviewed to introduce anisotropy to particles or capsules, including loading with various therapeutic cargo, variable physical properties primarily by anisotropic magnetic properties, controlling directional motion, and making Janus particles. The advantages of combining different anisotropy in one entity for delivery and common problems and limitations for fabrication are under discussion.
Here, the current methods are reviewed to introduce anisotropy to micron sized particles or capsules, including non‐spherical shape, loading with various therapeutic cargo, variable physical properties, controlling directional motion, and making Janus particles. The advantages of combining different anisotropy in one entity for delivery and common problems for fabrication are under discussion.
Responsive polymer materials can adapt to surrounding environments, regulate transport of ions and molecules, change wettability and adhesion of different species on external stimuli, or convert ...chemical and biochemical signals into optical, electrical, thermal and mechanical signals, and vice versa. These materials are playing an increasingly important part in a diverse range of applications, such as drug delivery, diagnostics, tissue engineering and 'smart' optical systems, as well as biosensors, microelectromechanical systems, coatings and textiles. We review recent advances and challenges in the developments towards applications of stimuli-responsive polymeric materials that are self-assembled from nanostructured building blocks. We also provide a critical outline of emerging developments.
Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is a widely used tool for engineering materials and coatings. In this Perspective, dedicated to the memory of ACS Nano associate editor Prof. Dr. Helmuth Möhwald, we ...discuss the developments and applications that are to come in LbL assembly, focusing on coatings, bulk materials, membranes, nanocomposites, and delivery vehicles.
The Matryoshka theory: This unique type of shell‐in‐shell microcapsule facilitates the stable spatial separation of biopolymers (enzymes) within distinct compartments of a single capsule entity. ...Architecture and wall properties of this system allow for the concerted action of enzymes from separate capsule compartments by metabolite diffusion across a semipermeable, intersecting polyelectrolyte membrane.
Polymeric Multilayer Capsules in Drug Delivery De Cock, Liesbeth J; De Koker, Stefaan; De Geest, Bruno G ...
Angewandte Chemie (International ed.),
September 17, 2010, Letnik:
49, Številka:
39
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Recent advances in medicine and biotechnology have prompted the need to develop nanoengineered delivery systems that can encapsulate a wide variety of novel therapeutics such as proteins, ...chemotherapeutics, and nucleic acids. Moreover, these delivery systems should be "intelligent", such that they can deliver their payload at a well-defined time, place, or after a specific stimulus. Polymeric multilayer capsules, made by layer-by-layer (LbL) coating of a sacrificial template followed by dissolution of the template, allow the design of microcapsules in aqueous conditions by using simple building blocks and assembly procedures, and provide a previously unmet control over the functionality of the microcapsules. Polymeric multilayer capsules have recently received increased interest from the life science community, and many interesting systems have appeared in the literature with biodegradable components and biospecific functionalities. In this Review we give an overview of the recent breakthroughs in their application for drug delivery.
Halloysite Nanotubes as Biomimetic Nanoreactors Shchukin, Dmitry G.; Sukhorukov, Gleb B.; Price, Ronald R. ...
Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany),
20/May , Letnik:
1, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Halloysite, a naturally occurring, 50‐nm‐diameter tubular material, has been utilized as a new biomineralization nanoreactor to form urease‐catalyzed CaCO3. The CaCO3 synthesis occurs exclusively ...inside the halloysite nanotubes, with no carbonate found on the outer surface of the nanotubes or in solution. Precipitated CaCO3 completely fills the inner nanotube lumen (see picture) and exhibits the metastable vaterite phase structure.
Polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules represent a unique tool to fabricate micron- and submicron-sized delivery systems with the properties of external guidance by means of remote physical influence. ...Embedding of nanoparticles into polyelectrolyte multilayer constructs opens up the opportunities to navigate the capsules with magnetic field and
in-situ trigger the release of encapsulated material in response to the physical stimuli, such as light and ultrasound. So far, optically- and magnetically-induced addressing of the polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules internalized by the living cells
in-vitro has been demonstrated. In this review, we discuss the state of the art, future perspectives and anticipated obstacles of
in-vivo and
in-vitro applications of the polyelectrolyte capsules performing remotely controlled release delivery of bioactives.
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With the purpose to replace expensive and significantly cytotoxic positively charged polypeptides in biodegradable capsules formed via Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly, multilayers of bovine serum ...albumin (BSA) and tannic acid (TA) are obtained and employed for encapsulation and release of model drugs with different solubility in water: hydrophilic-tetramethylrhodamine-isothiocyanate-labeled BSA (TRITC-BSA) and hydrophobic 3,4,9,10-tetra-(hectoxy-carbonyl)-perylene (THCP). Hydrogen bonding is proposed to be predominant within thus formed BSA/TA films. The TRITC-BSA-loaded capsules comprising 6 bilayers of the protein and polyphenol are benchmarked against the shells composed of dextran sulfate (DS) and poly-l-arginine (PARG) on degradability by two proteolytic enzymes with different cleavage site specificity (i.e., α-chymotrypsin and trypsin) and toxicity for murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Capsules of both types possess low cytotoxicity taken at concentrations equal or below 50 capsules per cell, and evident susceptibility to α-chymotrypsin resulted in release of TRITC-BSA. While the BSA/TA-based capsules clearly display resistance to treatment with trypsin, the assemblies of DS/PARG extensively degrade. Successful encapsulation of THCP in the TRITC-BSA/TA/BSA multilayer is confirmed, and the release of the model drug is observed in response to treatment with α-chymotrypsin. The thickness, surface morphology, and enzyme-catalyzed degradation process of the BSA/TA-based films are investigated on a planar multilayer comprising 40 bilayers of the protein and polyphenol deposited on a silicon wafer. The developed BSA/TA-based capsules with a protease-specific degradation mechanism are proposed to find applications in personal care, pharmacology, and the development of drug delivery systems including those intravenous injectable and having site-specific release capability.
There are many reports about the interaction of multilayer capsules with biological systems in the literature. A majority of them are devoted to the in vitro study with two-dimensional cell cultures. ...Multilayer capsule fabrication had been under intensive investigation from 1990s and 2000s by Prof. Helmuth Möhwald, and many of his followers further developed their own research directions, focusing on capsule implementation in various fields of biology and medicine. The aim of this future article is to consistently consider the most recent advances in cell–capsule interactions for different biomedical applications, including functionalization of clinically relevant cells, nonviral gene delivery, magnetization of cells to control their movement, and in vivo drug delivery. Finally, the description and discussion of the new trends and perspectives for improved functionalities of capsules in design and functionalization of cell-assisted drug vehicles are the major topics of this work.
Designing and fabricating multifunctional nanocomposite microcapsules are considerable interests in both academic and industrial research aspects. This work first reports an innovative approach to in ...situ synthesize and assemble fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) into polyelectrolyte microcapsules, obtaining highly biocompatible nanocomposite microcapsules with excellent luminescence that facilitate imaging and identification in vitro, yet with the feasibility to load small molecules and ultrasound responsiveness to trigger their release. CDs are produced in situ in (PAH/PSS)4 microcapsule shells by carbonization of dextran molecules under relatively mild hydrothermal treatment. Compared with the collapsed and film-like (PAH/PSS)4 microcapsules, the novel composite microcapsules show a free-standing structure, smaller size, and thicker shell. CDs are proven to be fabricated and embedded in PAH/PSS multilayers, and the formed PAH/PSS/CD microcapsules are endowed with strong luminescence, as verified by the transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence spectra, and confocal laser scanning microscopy results. The in situ formation of CDs in capsule shells also empowers these capsules with ultrasound responsiveness and reduced permeability. The feasibility of encapsulation of small molecules (rhodamine B) and ultrasound-triggered release is also shown. Most importantly, due to the intrinsic biocompatible property and photostability of CDs, these fluorescent PAH/PSS/CD microcapsules show negligible cell toxicity and low photobleaching, which are impossible for capsules composited with conventional organic dyes and semiconductor quantum dots.
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