Dicyandiamide (DCD) and 3, 4-dimethypyrazole phosphate (DMPP) are often claimed to be efficient in regulating soil N transformations and influencing plant productivity, but the difference of their ...performances across field sites is less clear. Here we applied a meta-analysis approach to compare effectiveness of DCD and DMPP across field trials. Our results showed that DCD and DMPP were equally effective in altering soil inorganic N content, dissolve inorganic N (DIN) leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. DCD was more effective than DMPP on increasing plant productivity. An increase of crop yield by DMPP was generally only observed in alkaline soil. The cost and benefit analysis (CBA) showed that applying fertilizer N with DCD produced additional revenues of $109.49 ha(-1) yr(-1) for maize farms, equivalent to 6.02% increase in grain revenues. In comparisons, DMPP application produced less monetary benefit of $15.67 ha(-1) yr(-1). Our findings showed that DCD had an advantage of bringing more net monetary benefit over DMPP. But this may be weakened by the higher toxicity of DCD than DMPP especially after continuous DCD application. Alternatively, an option related to net monetary benefit may be achieved through applying DMPP in alkaline soil and reducing the cost of purchasing DMPP products.
With the development of automated driving and communication technologies, the connected automated vehicles (CAVs) gradually enter market and become more popular. At the same time, the mixed traffic ...composed of conventional vehicles and CAVs will gradually become a very common form of traffic. In fact, the driving process of CAV is a typical cyber physical process which couples tightly the cyber factor of traffic information with the physical components of the vehicles. In this paper, we present a mixed traffic model from the perspective of cyber physical fusion, the model focuses on the fact that the CAVs can obtain the information from multiple vehicles ahead and the drivers have a reaction delay in driving process. The stability condition of the proposed model is derived via linear stability analysis. Furthermore, we investigate the fuel consumption and CO2 emission using the model we propose under different penetration rates of CAVs. The results show that the stability of mixed traffic is related to driver’s reaction delay, the penetration rate of CAVs, and the information from multiple vehicles ahead that CAVs can obtain. Numerical simulations are conducted to verify the analytical results. The simulation results demonstrate that the model proposed in this paper can better reflect the real advantages of CAV in mixed traffic, and further show that the model in this paper is more realistic. More specifically, the information obtained from multiple vehicles ahead including conventional vehicle and CAV can improve the stability of mixed traffic and traffic efficiency to a greater extent, and the driver’s reaction delay will destabilize mixed traffic. Besides, when the penetration rate of CAVs is high, the fuel consumption and CO2 emission in mixed traffic can be greatly reduced.
•A general model framework of mixed traffic is proposed.•Multiple vehicles ahead and driver’s reaction delay are considered in the model.•The stability condition of the model is derived via linear stability analysis.•The fuel consumption and CO2 emission using the model we propose are investigated.
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•The development of hydrido-coinage-metal clusters concerning synthesis and characterization are reviewed.•The hydrides/hydrogen adopting different modes affords a wide variety of ...structures.•The clearly systematic strategy of characterizing hydrido-coinage-metal clusters is listed and overviewed.•Important aspects of future works are proposed.
Ligated hydrido-coinage-metal clusters MxHyLz (M = Cu/Ag/Au, L = ligand; where x, y, and z are positive integers) often exhibit interesting catalytic properties, and serve as ideal models to investigate the fundamental concepts and particle growth processes, as well as the catalytic process and reaction mechanism at the atomic level. This field is emerging rapidly. For a better understanding of structure-property correlations, the isolation and characterization of these atomically precise hydrido-coinage-metal nanoclusters (NCs) are essential. This Review will summarize the recent advancements in this particular research area, including: (1) synthesis and characterization of copper hydride clusters; (2) silver hydrido clusters from small nuclearity to bulk polyhydrido clusters; and (3) gold clusters associated with hydrogen/hydride and the alloy coinage metal hydride clusters. The Review is concluded by briefly outlining some potential aspects in this flourishing and vibrant field. We hope that this Account will provide a perspective on the various strategies in the design and synthesis of hydrido-coinage-metal clusters as well as a basic understanding of their determined structures, thereby helping in building materials base for nanoscience and nanotechnology.
We investigated the transcription levels, promoter methylation status and role as a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) of the cadherin CDH4 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The expression of CDH4 was ...decreased in NPC cell lines, xenografts and primary tumor biopsies. Promoter hypermethylation of CDH4 was detected in all five NPC cell lines, both NPC xenograft lines and 94.3% of primary tumors but not in any of the 12 normal epithelial samples. Loss of CDH4 expression could be restored by the methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine in NPC cell lines. Ectopic expression of CDH4 in the NPC cell lines inhibits cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and elicit cell communication. CDH4 may be a novel putative TSG that can be frequently and tumor-specifically inactivated by its promoter methylation in NPC.
Background and Purpose
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a worldwide public health problem with no established pharmacological therapy. Here, we explored the potential benefit of P7C3‐A20, ...a novel aminopropyl carbazole compound with neuroprotective activity, in a NAFLD model, induced in mice by a high‐fat diet (HFD).
Experimental Approach
C57BL/6J mice were given a HFD (42% fat content) for 16 weeks to induce NAFLD. P7C3‐A20 (20 mg·kg−1·day−1) was given by gavage for 2 weeks. Indirect calorimetry, histological analysis, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and biomedical examinations were performed. Gut microbiota were determined using a 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing analysis.
Key Results
P7C3‐A20 treatment reduced body weight gain/adiposity, improved insulin resistance, promoted energy expenditure (O2 consumption/CO2 production), inhibited lipid oxidation, suppressed hepatic inflammation (Kupffer cell number and pro‐inflammatory factors), decreased necroptosis/apoptosis (receptor‐interacting protein kinase 3, cleaved caspase‐3, and TUNEL), and alleviated liver fibrosis and injury. Mechanistically, P7C3‐A20 stimulated FGF21 and FGF1 via activating liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), which further resulted in a reduced nuclear translocation of CREB‐regulated transcription coactivator 2 (CRTC2). In AMPKα2 knockout mice, the protection of P7C3‐A20 against HFD‐induced metabolism abnormalities and fat accumulation, as well as the elevation of blood FGF21 and FGF1, was abolished. P7C3‐A20 increased the gut microbiota species richness. Moreover, it enhanced the proportions of Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, and Prevotellaceae, while reducing the proportions of Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia, and Parasutterella.
Conclusions and Implications
P7C3‐A20 increased levels of NAD+ and alleviated NAFLD through stimulating FGF21 and FGF1 in an LKB1/AMPK/CRTC2‐dependent manner and shaping gut microbiota.
LINKED ARTICLES
This article is part of a themed issue on Cellular metabolism and diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.10/issuetoc
Metal halide perovskites are emerging as attractive materials for light-emitting diode (LED) applications. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) has experienced a rapid progress and reached over 21%, ...comparable to the state of the art organic and quantum dot LEDs. For metal halide perovskites, their simple solution-processing preparation, facile band gap tunability, and narrow emission line width provide another attractive route to harness their superior optoelectronic properties for multicolor display applications. In this work, we demonstrate a high-resolution, large-scale photolithographic method to pattern multicolor perovskite films. This approach is based on a dry lift-off process which involves the use of parylene as an intermediary and the easy mechanical peeling-off of parylene films on various substrates. Using this approach, we successfully fabricated multicolor patterns with red and green perovskite pixels on a single substrate, which could be further applied in liquid crystal displays (LCDs) with blue backlight. Besides, a prototype green perovskite micro-LED display under current driving has been demonstrated.
Biofilms are multicellular communities of microbes that are encased within an extracellular matrix. Environmental factors induce bacteria to form biofilm. Bacteria have several regulatory mechanisms ...in response to environmental changes, and the two-component signal transduction system (TCS) is a major strategy in connecting changes in input signals to changes in cellular physiological output. The TCS employs multiple mechanisms such as cross-regulation, to integrate and coordinate various input stimuli to control biofilm formation. In this mini-review, we demonstrate the roles of TCS on biofilm formation, illustrating these input signals and modulation modes, which may be utilized by future investigations in elucidating the regulatory signals and underlying the mechanisms of biofilm formation.
The structural transformation of high-nuclearity silver clusters from one to another induced by specific stimuli is of scientific significance in terms of both cluster synthesis and reactivity. ...Herein, we report two silver-thiolate clusters, Mo
O
@Ag
and Mo
O
@Ag
, which are templated by isopolymolybdates inside and covered by
PrS
and PhCOO
ligands on the surfaces. Amazingly, the Mo
O
@Ag
can be transformed from Mo
O
@Ag
by adding PhCOOH which increases the degree of condensation of molybdates template from Mo
O
to Mo
O
, then enlarging the outer silver shell from Ag
to Ag
. The evolution of solution species revealed by time-dependent electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) suggests a breakage-growth-reassembly (BGR) transformation mechanism. These results not only provide a combined assembly strategy (anion-template + induced transformation) for the synthesis of silver-thiolate clusters but also help us to better understand the complex transformation process underpinning the assembly system.
•Forest thinning did not significantly change soil carbon stocks in general.•Forest thinning increased soil respiration in general.•Soil respiration was increased initially but decreased to original ...level gradually after thinning.•The effects of forest thinning on soil respiration vary by tree species.
Forest thinning is widely used in forest management activities and has complex effects on underground carbon processes. Although many case studies have been done, how forest thinning affects soil carbon stocks and dynamics remains unclear, especially at different recovery stage. Here, we synthesized the results from 53 peer-reviewed publications and conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the general responses of 10 variables related to forest soil carbon stocks and dynamics to forest thinning management. Overall, we did not find remarkable effects of thinning on soil moisture, fine root biomass and soil carbon stocks (including soil total carbon, soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon). However, thinning resulted in a significant reduction in litterfall production (−23.7%), while significantly increasing soil temperature (+8.7%) and soil respiration (+29.4%) in general. In particular, the effect of forest thinning on soil respiration was significant in light (thinning intensity <33%) to moderate (33–67% of thinning intensity) thinning. In the early stage of recovery (≤2 yr after thinning), this effect was also significant. Thinning significantly increased soil respiration in both broadleaved (+35.6%) and mixed forests (+9.3%) but not in coniferous forest due to the difference of litterfall quality. These results provide a synthetic review of the effects of forest thinning on soil carbon stocks and dynamics and may help to improve forest management strategies.
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