The combination of transition‐metal catalysis and organocatalysis increasingly offers chemists opportunities to realize diverse unprecedented chemical transformations. By combining iridium with ...chiral thiourea catalysis, direct enantioselective reductive cyanation and phosphonylation of secondary amides have been accomplished for the first time for the synthesis of enantioenriched chiral α‐aminonitriles and α‐aminophosphonates. The protocol is highly efficient and enantioselective, providing a novel route to the synthesis of optically active α‐functionalized amines from the simple, readily available feedstocks. In addition, the reactions are scalable and the thiourea catalyst can be recycled and reused.
The first enantioselective reductive cyanation and phosphonylation of secondary amides have been achieved by the combination of iridium with chiral thiourea catalysis. The protocol is highly efficient and enantioselective, providing a novel route for the synthesis of optically active α‐aminonitriles and α‐aminophosphonates from bench‐stable feedstocks.
Many works have focused on speech emotion recognition algorithms. However, most rely on the proper selection of speech acoustic features. In this paper, we propose a novel emotion recognition ...algorithm that does not rely on any speech acoustic features and combines speaker gender information. We aim to benefit from the rich information from speech raw data, without any artificial intervention. In general, speech emotion recognition systems require manual selection of appropriate traditional acoustic features as classifier input for emotion recognition. Utilizing deep learning algorithms, and the network automatically select important information from raw speech signal for the classification layer to accomplish emotion recognition. It can prevent the omission of emotion information that cannot be direct mathematically modeled as a speech acoustic characteristic. We also add speaker gender information to the proposed algorithm to further improve recognition accuracy. The proposed algorithm combines a Residual Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN) and a gender information block. The raw speech data is sent to these two blocks simultaneously. The R-CNN network obtains the necessary emotional information from the speech data and classifies the emotional category. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on three public databases with different language systems. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has 5.6%, 7.3%, and 1.5%, respectively accuracy improvements in Mandarin, English, and German compared with existing highest-accuracy algorithms. In order to verify the generalization of the proposed algorithm, we use FAU and eNTERFACE databases, in these two independent databases, the proposed algorithm can also achieve 85.8% and 71.1% accuracy, respectively.
Coral aquaculture is an emerging aquaculture industry. In recent years, ciliate infestation has become a serious hazard to wild and captive corals. Our previous research found that infected corals ...can fester or die within 72 h, posing a serious threat to large-scale coral aquaculture. Little research has been done on the treatment of coral ciliate disease. Therefore, drugs that seek effective treatment and avoid stress responses to corals will be applied to large-scale coral aquaculture. Forsythia suspensa is a common traditional Chinese medicine with anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and insecticidal functions. In this study, the F. suspensa extract at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.75%, 2.25%, and 2.75% was used to conduct a virulence test on ciliates and evaluate the therapeutic effect on Goniopora columna. The uninfected ciliates are the N-group, and the infected ciliates without drug treatment, the control group, are the C-group. After the experiment, the effects of the F. suspensa extract on the ciliate stress response of corals were evaluated by using the virulence test and calculating damage to histopathology, zooxanthellae, chlorophyll a, and three antioxidant enzymes, namely, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The results showed that the LC50 value of the F. suspensa extract was approximately 1.52%, and when the concentration was increased to 1.75%, the ciliates could be completely killed within 10 min of medicated bathing. The SOD, CAT, and MDA of G. columna under the 1.75% treatment were lower than those of the other treatment groups and higher than only those of the N-group. The zooxanthellae, chlorophyll a, and survival rate were not significantly different from those in the N-group. Upon histological examination, no ciliates or vacuum were found in coral tissue 72 h after treatment. In conclusion, 1.75% Forsythia suspensa extract is effective in the treatment of G. columna ciliate infection without causing a strong stress response in corals. Forsythia suspensa can be effectively applied in the prevention of ciliate diseases in large-scale coral aquaculture.
•F. suspensa extract (1.75%) can treat ciliate disease.•Treatment with 1.75% F. suspensa slows the coral stress response.•Coral tissue will not damage or vacuum after F. suspensa treatment.•F. suspensa will not cause polyp shrinkage, zooxanthellae or chlorophyll a to change.
Sea urchin contains physiologically active substances, such as amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids, and an important aquatic organism. Purple sea urchin, one of the common edible sea urchins, is ...an important aquatic product. In order to supply the vast seafood market, large‐scale aquaculture of sea urchins is very important. The aim of this study was to optimize the rearing of the Anthocidaris crassipina larvae enhancing the nutrition by mixing feed to improve their growth and survival. The survival rate of Chaetoceros muelleri feeding alone is only 40%. If the survival rate is improved through nutrient enrichment, the large‐scale aquaculture of larvae can be promoted. The experiment was divided into two parts. Experiment 1: Two types of commonly used microalgae, Isochrysis galbana tml (I), C. muelleri (C) and two types of probiotics, Rhodopseudomonas palustris (R), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S) were used in the. Feeding amounts are 5000, 10,000, and 20,000 cell mL−1, and the control group (N) did not eat. Experiment 2: C. muelleri 20,000 cell mL−1 was mixed with I. galbana tml, R. palustris (R) and S. cerevisiae (S) at 5000 and 10,000 cell mL−1. After the experiment, body length, body width, stomach length, rudiment length, rudiment length, body composition, digestive enzymes and survival rate were measured to evaluate the best feed. The results showed that the mixed feeding of C. muelleri 20,000 cell mL−1 and R. palustris 5000 cell mL−1 can achieve the best development and survival of larval embryos and can promote metamorphosis into juveniles in the shortest time. The research results will be applied to the large‐scale aquaculture of A. crassipina larvae to promote the diversity of aquaculture.
Nowadays, user identification plays a more and more important role for authorized machine access and remote personal data usage. For reasons of privacy and convenience, biometrics-based user ...identification, such as iris, fingerprint, and face ID, has become mainstream methods in our daily lives. However, most of the biometric methods can be easily imitated or artificially cracked. New types of biometrics, such as electrocardiography (ECG), are based on physiological signals rather than traditional biological traits. Recently, compressive sensing (CS) technology that combines both sampling and compression has been widely applied to reduce the power of data acquisition and transmission. However, prior CS-based frameworks suffer from high reconstruction overhead and cannot directly align compressed ECG signals. In this paper, in order to solve the above two problems, we propose a compressed alignment-aided compressive analysis (CA-CA) algorithm for ECG-based biometric user identification. With CA-CA, it can avoid reconstruction and extract information directly from CS-based compressed ECG signals to reduce overall complexity and power. Besides, CA-CA can also align the compressed ECG signals in the eigenspace-domain, which can further enhance the precision of identifications and reduce the total training time. The experimental result shows that our proposed algorithm has a 94.16% accuracy based on a public database of 22 people.
Postmenopausal women who have ovary hormone deficiency (OHD) may experience urological dysfunctions, such as overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. This study used a female Sprague Dawley rat model that ...underwent bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) to simulate post-menopause in humans. The rats were treated with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or platelet-poor plasma (PPP) after 12 months of OVX to investigate the therapeutic effects of PRP on OHD-induced OAB. The OVX-treated rats exhibited a decrease in the expression of urothelial barrier-associated proteins, altered hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan; HA) production, and exacerbated bladder pathological damage and interstitial fibrosis through NFƘB/COX-2 signaling pathways, which may contribute to OAB. In contrast, PRP instillation for four weeks regulated the inflammatory fibrotic biosynthesis, promoted cell proliferation and matrix synthesis of stroma, enhanced mucosal regeneration, and improved urothelial mucosa to alleviate OHD-induced bladder hyperactivity. PRP could release growth factors to promote angiogenic potential for bladder repair through laminin/integrin-α6 and VEGF/VEGF receptor signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of OHD-induced OAB. Furthermore, PRP enhanced the expression of HA receptors and hyaluronan synthases (HAS), reduced hyaluronidases (HYALs), modulated the fibroblast-myofibroblast transition, and increased angiogenesis and matrix synthesis via the PI3K/AKT/m-TOR pathway, resulting in bladder remodeling and regeneration.
This study explores low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (LiESWT)'s efficacy in alleviating detrusor hyperactivity with impaired contractility (DHIC) induced by ovarian hormone deficiency ...(OHD) in ovariectomized rats. The rats were categorized into the following four groups: sham group; OVX group, subjected to bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) for 12 months to induce OHD; OVX + SW4 group, underwent OHD for 12 months followed by 4 weeks of weekly LiESWT; and OVX + SW8 group, underwent OHD for 12 months followed by 8 weeks of weekly LiESWT. Cystometrogram studies and voiding behavior tracing were used to identify the symptoms of DHIC. Muscle strip contractility was evaluated through electrical-field, carbachol, ATP, and KCl stimulations. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses were performed to assess the expressions of various markers related to bladder dysfunction. The OVX rats exhibited significant bladder deterioration and overactivity, alleviated by LiESWT. LiESWT modified transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channel expression, regulating calcium concentration and enhancing bladder capacity. It also elevated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins, influencing ER-related Ca
channels and receptors to modulate detrusor muscle contractility. OHD after 12 months led to neuronal degeneration and reduced TRPV1 and TRPV4 channel activation. LiESWT demonstrated potential in enhancing angiogenic remodeling, neurogenesis, and receptor response, ameliorating DHIC via TRPV channels and cellular signaling in the OHD-induced DHIC rat model.
Nutritional requirements are critical in the process of coral aquaculture. In addition to energy from symbiotic algae, corals obtain sufficient nutrition through heterotrophic feeding. Microalgae and ...yeast are commonly used as nutritional supplements for many aquaculture organisms. In addition, if artificial feed can match or improve upon the nutritional supplementation provided by microalgae and yeast in the case of G. columna, then feeding this coral would be markedly easier. Hence, this article preliminarily discusses feeds suitable for G. columna. In this study, artificial PUFA rich in animal protein (R), Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Isochrysis galbana tml, and Nannochloropsis oculate were fed to G. columna at quantities of 5% and 10% of body weight. Growth, survival, body composition, and digestive enzymes were assessed. Regarding body composition, the coral’s protein content is higher than that of carbohydrate or fat; thus, evaluating the heterotrophic nutrition of G. columna by using protein absorption is appropriate. The protease content is also high in digestive enzymes. Protein content, protease activity, and specific growth rate were significantly higher in the R group than in other groups. The number of polyps in the groups fed R at 5% and 10% of body weight increased by 40.00 ± 2.43 and 47.33 ± 0.89 number, respectively, significantly greater increases than those achieved in the other groups (p < 0.05). Changes in body composition and digestive enzymes over a 24-h period were compared to determine the optimal feeding time. Protein content and protease activity increased markedly between 6:00 and 12:00. The experimental results suggest that R can improve the activity of G. columna digestive enzymes and their protein and lipid content in body tissue, shorten the cultivation time, and enhance the profitability of coral aquaculture.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
With Tf2O as the activation reagent, a mild and general method has been developed for the bisphosphonylation of both secondary and tertiary amides. The protocol is highly efficient and ...chemoselective, and it tolerates a number of sensitive functional groups such as cyano, ester, and aldehyde groups.
The site selectivity for lysine conjugation on a native protein is difficult to control and characterize. Here, we applied mass spectrometry to examine the conjugation kinetics of Trastuzumab-IgG ...(Her-IgG) and α-lactalbumin under excess linker concentration (L
) based on the modified Michaelis-Menten equation, in which the initial rate constant per amine (k
= V
/K
) was determined by the maximum reaction rate (V
) under saturated accessible sites and initial amine-linker affinity (1/K
). Reductive amination (RA) displayed 3-4 times greater V
and a different panel of conjugation sites than that observed for N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS) chemistry using the same length of polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers. Moreover, faster conversion power rendered RA site selectivity among accessible amine groups and a greater tunable range of linker/protein ratio for aldehyde-linkers compared to those of the same length of NHS-linkers. Single conjugation with high yield or poly-conjugations with site homogeneity was demonstrated by controlling L
or gradual addition to minimize the L
/K
ratio. Formaldehyde, the shortest aldehyde-linker with the greatest 1/K
, exhibited the highest selectivity and was shown to be a suitable probe to predict conjugation profile of aldehyde-linkers. Four linkers on the few probe-predicted hot spots were elucidated by kinetically controlled RA with conserved drug efficacy when conjugated with the payload. This study provides insights into controlling factors for homogenous and predictable amine bioconjugation.
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