Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) can be derived from a variety of cellulosic materials and is widely used in petroleum mining, construction, paper making, and packaging. CMCs can be derived from ...many sources with the final properties reflecting the characteristics of the original lignocellulosic matrix as well as the subsequent separation steps that affect the degree of carboxy methyl substitution on the cellulose hydroxyls. While a large percentage of CMCs is derived from wood pulp, many other plant sources may produce more attractive properties for specific applications. The effects of five plant sources on the resulting properties of CMC and CMC/sodium alginate/glycerol composite films were studied. The degree of substitution and resulting tensile strength in leaf-derived CMC was from 0.87 to 0.89 and from 15.81 to 16.35 MPa, respectively, while the degree of substitution and resulting tensile strength in wooden materials-derived CMC were from 1.08 to 1.17 and from 26.08 to 28.97 MPa, respectively. Thus, the degree of substitution and resulting tensile strength tended to be 20% lower in leaf-derived CMCs compared to those prepared from wood or bamboo. Microstructures of bamboo cellulose, bamboo CMC powder, and bamboo leaf CMC composites' films all differed from pine-derived material, but plant source had no noticeable effect on the X-ray diffraction characteristics, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra, or pyrolysis properties of CMC or composites films. The results highlighted the potential for using plant source as a tool for varying CMC properties for specific applications.
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a cellulose derivative that can be obtained from wood, bamboo, rattan, straw, and other cellulosic materials. CMC can be used to produce biofilms for many purposes, ...but the properties of these resulting films make them unsuitable for some applications. The effects of three kinds of plant fiber addition on CMC film properties was investigated using CMC derived from eucalyptus bark cellulose. Tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB) of CMC/sodium alginate/glycerol composite films were 26.2 MPa and 7.35%, respectively. Tensile strength of CMC composite films substantially increased, reaching an optimum at 0.50 g of fiber. The enhancement due to industrial hemp hurd fiber on CMC composite films was more obvious. Pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glacial acetic acid (CH3COOH) produced films with a TS of 35.9 MPa and an EB of 1.61%. TS values with pectinase pretreated fiber films was 41.3 MPa and EB was 1.76%. TS of films pretreated with pectinase and hemicellulase was 45.2 MPa and EB was 4.18%. Chemical and enzymatic treatment both improved fiber crystallinity, but film tensile strength was improved to a greater extent by enzymatic treatment. Surface roughness and pyrolysis residue of the film increased after fiber addition, but Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), opacity, and water vapor transmission coefficients were largely unchanged. Adding fiber improved tensile strength of CMC/sodium alginate/glycerol composite films and broadened the application range of CMC composite films without adversely affecting film performance.
This study aims to improve the thermal stability and mechanical properties of carboxymethyl bacterial cellulose (CMBC) composite films. Experiments were conducted by preparing bacterial cellulose ...(BC) into CMBC, then parametrically mixing sodium alginate/starch/xanthan gum/gelatin and glycerin/sorbitol/PEG 400/PEG 6000 with CMBC to form the film. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, mechanical tests, and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the composite films had better mechanical properties and thermal stability with the addition of 1.5% CMBC (% v/v), 1% sodium alginate, and 0.4% glycerin. Tensile strength was 38.13 MPa, the elongation at break was 13.4%, the kinematic viscosity of the film solution was 257.3 mm2/s, the opacity was 4.76 A/mm, the water vapor permeability was 11.85%, and the pyrolysis residue was 45%. The potential causes for the differences in the performance of the composite films were discussed and compared, leading to the conclusion that CMBC/Sodium alginate (SA)/glycerin (GL) had the best thermal stability and mechanical properties.
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is naturally degradable, highly biocompatible, hydrophilic, and essentially non-toxic, making it potentially useful as a base for creating more sophisticated bio-based ...materials. BC is similar to plant-derived cellulose in terms of chemical composition and structure but has a number of important differences in microstructure that could provide some unique opportunities for use as a scaffold for other functions. In this study, bacterial cellulose was alkylated and then esterified to produce a carboxymethyl bacterial cellulose (CMBC) that was then used to produce six different composite films with potential antibacterial properties. The films were assessed for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, pyrolysis characteristics using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), microstructure using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical properties. The addition of nano-silver (nano-Ag) markedly improved the antimicrobial activity of the films while also enhancing the physical and mechanical properties. The results indicate that the three-dimensional reticulated structure of the bacterial cellulose provides an excellent substrate for scaffolding other bioactive materials. Thus, the nano-BC was added into the CMBC/nano-Ag composites furthermore, and then the antibacterial and mechanical properties were improved 44% for E. coli, 59% for S. aureus, and 20% for tensile strength, respectively.
The objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of steam heat treatment parameters (e.g., temperature, time, and pressure) on the impact toughness of rattan (Calamus simplicifolius). The ...Box–Behnken design response surface analysis was employed to optimize the steam heat treatment parameters. Impact toughness was selected as the evaluation index, with single-factor tests conducted as a baseline for comparison. Changes in chemical composition, cellulose crystallinity, and pyrolysis properties were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, Thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) spectra, and wet-chemistry methods for both untreated control samples and the heat-treated samples. The results show that a 1 h steam heat treatment at 160 °C under 0.1 MPa pressure has the optimal process parameters for the rattan. The achieved impact toughness value closely matches the predicted value at 71.29 kJ/m2. After the steam heat treatment, hemicellulose and cellulose contents decrease, whereas relative lignin content increases significantly, leading to improved toughness characteristics in Calamus simplicifolius samples. The TG results indicate that maximum weight loss occurs at temperatures of 352 °C, 354 °C, and 361 °C, respectively, for three different samples. This suggests that the thermal stability is enhanced as a result of the heat treatment. These findings will help optimize the heat treatments of the rattan material.
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is naturally degradable, highly biocompatible, hydrophilic, and essentially non-toxic, making it potentially useful as a base for creating more sophisticated bio-based ...materials. BC is similar to plant-derived cellulose in terms of chemical composition and structure but has a number of important differences in microstructure that could provide some unique opportunities for use as a scaffold for other functions. In this study, bacterial cellulose was alkylated and then esterified to produce a carboxymethyl bacterial cellulose (CMBC) that was then used to produce six different composite films with potential antibacterial properties. The films were assessed for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, pyrolysis characteristics using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), microstructure using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical properties. The addition of nano-silver (nano-Ag) markedly improved the antimicrobial activity of the films while also enhancing the physical and mechanical properties. The results indicate that the three-dimensional reticulated structure of the bacterial cellulose provides an excellent substrate for scaffolding other bioactive materials. Thus, the nano-BC was added into the CMBC/nano-Ag composites furthermore, and then the antibacterial and mechanical properties were improved 44% for E. coli, 59% for S. aureus, and 20% for tensile strength, respectively.
This study aims to improve the thermal stability and mechanical properties of carboxymethyl bacterial cellulose (CMBC) composite films. Experiments were conducted by preparing bacterial cellulose ...(BC) into CMBC, then parametrically mixing sodium alginate/starch/xanthan gum/gelatin and glycerin/sorbitol/PEG 400/PEG 6000 with CMBC to form the film. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, mechanical tests, and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the composite films had better mechanical properties and thermal stability with the addition of 1.5% CMBC (% v/v), 1% sodium alginate, and 0.4% glycerin. Tensile strength was 38.13 MPa, the elongation at break was 13.4%, the kinematic viscosity of the film solution was 257.3 mm2/s, the opacity was 4.76 A/mm, the water vapor permeability was 11.85%, and the pyrolysis residue was 45%. The potential causes for the differences in the performance of the composite films were discussed and compared, leading to the conclusion that CMBC/Sodium alginate (SA)/glycerin (GL) had the best thermal stability and mechanical properties.
Recently, deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been successfully applied to the single-image super-resolution (SISR) task with great improvement in terms of both peak signal-to-noise ratio ...(PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM). However, most of the existing CNN-based SR models require high computing power, which considerably limits their real-world applications. In addition, most CNN-based methods rarely explore the intermediate features that are helpful for final image recovery. To address these issues, in this article, we propose a dense lightweight network, called MADNet, for stronger multiscale feature expression and feature correlation learning. Specifically, a residual multiscale module with an attention mechanism (RMAM) is developed to enhance the informative multiscale feature representation ability. Furthermore, we present a dual residual-path block (DRPB) that utilizes the hierarchical features from original low-resolution images. To take advantage of the multilevel features, dense connections are employed among blocks. The comparative results demonstrate the superior performance of our MADNet model while employing considerably fewer multiadds and parameters.
► U–Pb zircon ages reveal that the Wengshan pluton was emplaced at 224
Ma. ► The Wengshan granites show features typical of A-type granites. ► The A-type granites were derived from the ...Palaeoproterozoic metamorphic basement. ► The A-type magmatic belt was related to the subduction of the paleo-Pacific Plate.
The late Permian–Triassic granites in the South China Block (SCB) have important tectonic significance for the evolution of East Asia. Most of the intrusive bodies in the central SCB consist of S-type granites. Here, we report the first unambiguous discovery of Wengshan aluminous A-type granites in southwest Zhejiang Province, southeast China. SHRIMP and LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb analyses yielded similar ages about 224
Ma for two samples from the Wengshan pluton, in concordance with peak time of late Indosinian (234–205
Ma) tectonic magmatic activity in the SCB. The Wengshan granites are peraluminous with A/CNK values ranging from 1.09 to 1.24, enriched in K, Rb, Th, REE and Zr
+
Nb
+
Ce
+
Y, have elevated FeO
tot/MgO and Ga/Al ratios, and are depleted in Mg, Ca, Mn, Ba, Sr, P and Ti. In addition, they show high zircon saturation temperatures (820–878
°C). Their REE patterns are highly fractionated, with (La/Yb)
N ratios of 36.89–101.24 and strongly negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu
*
=
0.28
−
0.53). In-situ zircon Hf isotopic analyses indicate that the Wengshan granites have ε
Hf(
t) values ranging from −15.9 to −12.7 and two-stage depleted mantle Hf model ages from 2.05 to 2.26
Ga. Sr–Nd isotope systematics are characterized by a high initial
87Sr/
86Sr ratios of 0.7092–0.7218 and a low
ε
Nd(
t) values of −15.0 to −12.1, with two-stage depleted mantle Nd model ages of 1.99–2.22
Ga, consistent with those of Paleoproterozoic basement rocks in the area. It is inferred that the Wengshan granite magma formed by partial melting of Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary sources in Cathaysia Block. Meanwhile, the underplating of mafic magma in the lower crust may provide the heat source for the formation of the Wengshan granites. The data show that the Wengshan granites, unlike other S-type granites in the SCB, are late Triassic aluminous A-type granite. Therefore they may indicate distinct geodynamic significance. Our study of the Wengshan A-type granites (224
Ma), together with Jingju A-type granites (215
Ma) in Zhejiang Province and Gaoxi A-type granites (215
Ma), Xiaotao A-type granites (222
Ma), Tieshan (254
Ma) and Yangfang (242
Ma) alkaline syenites in Fujian Province, define important extensional events in Triassic. Considering these available data, we suggest that the late Permian–Triassic A-type granites and alkaline syenites in the coastal region of the SCB probably formed under an extensional regime related to oblique subduction of the paleo-Pacific Plate.
With the diversification of users’ energy demands, accurate load forecasting is an important prerequisite for optimal scheduling and economic operation of the system, but a single‐load forecasting ...method cannot effectively predict multi‐energy loads accurately. Therefore, this paper proposes a multi‐energy load forecasting method based on bidirectional long short‐term memory (BiLSTM) and parallel feature extraction networks. Firstly, residual network and convolutional block attention module were used to extract the spatial coupling features of multi‐energy load data. Secondly, BiLSTM is used to capture the temporal features and long‐term dependencies in the load data, and the spatial coupling features are fused to obtain non‐linear prediction results. Finally, the non‐linear prediction results and the linear prediction results obtained by using multi‐energy linear regression were linearly superimposed to obtain the final prediction results. In this paper, IES load data of Tempe Campus of Arizona State University was used to verify and compared with several existing methods, and the results showed that Weighted Mean Absolute Percentage Error decreased by more than 20%.
The method of residual network and convolutional block attention module to extract the spatial coupling features of multi‐energy load in parallel and combine with multiple linear regression for multi‐energy load prediction.
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