Background The rapid increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Asia-Pacific region in the past decade has resulted in recommendations to implement mass CRC screening programs. ...However, the knowledge of screening and population screening behaviors between countries is largely lacking. Objective This multicenter, international study investigated the association of screening test participation with knowledge of, attitudes toward, and barriers to CRC and screening tests in different cultural and sociopolitical contexts. Methods Person-to-person interviews by using a standardized survey instrument were conducted with subjects from 14 Asia-Pacific countries/regions to assess the prevailing screening participation rates, knowledge of and attitudes toward and barriers to CRC and screening tests, intent to participate, and cues to action. Independent predictors of the primary endpoint, screening participation was determined from subanalyses performed for high-, medium-, and low-participation countries. Results A total of 7915 subjects (49% male, 37.8% aged 50 years and older) were recruited. Of the respondents aged 50 years and older, 809 (27%) had undergone previous CRC testing; the Philippines (69%), Australia (48%), and Japan (38%) had the highest participation rates, whereas India (1.5%), Malaysia (3%), Indonesia (3%), Pakistan (7.5%), and Brunei (13.7%) had the lowest rates. Physician recommendation and knowledge of screening tests were significant predictors of CRC test uptake. In countries with low-test participation, lower perceived access barriers and higher perceived severity were independent predictors of participation. Respondents from low-participation countries had the least knowledge of symptoms, risk factors, and tests and reported the lowest physician recommendation rates. “Intent to undergo screening” and “perceived need for screening” was positively correlated in most countries; however, this was offset by financial and access barriers. Limitations Ethnic heterogeneity may exist in each country that was not addressed. In addition, the participation tests and physician recommendation recalls were self-reported. Conclusions In the Asia-Pacific region, considerable differences were evident in the participation of CRC tests, physician recommendations, and knowledge of, attitudes toward, and barriers to CRC screening. Physician recommendation was the uniform predictor of screening behavior in all countries. Before implementing mass screening programs, improving awareness of CRC and promoting the physicians' role are necessary to increase the screening participation rates.
Background Recent data suggest that administration of prokinetics before gastroscopy may be useful in patients with acute upper GI bleeding (UGIB). Published studies are limited in the number of ...subjects evaluated, and the conclusions are disparate. Objective To assess the evidence of administering prokinetic agents before EGD in acute UGIB. Design and Setting Comprehensive literature searches from 1990 to January 2010 were performed. We selected for meta-analysis randomized trials assessing prokinetic agents in acute UGIB. The primary outcome was the need for a repeat EGD. Secondary outcomes included endoscopic visualization, blood transfusions, duration of hospitalization, and surgery. Results were reported as odds ratios (ORs) or weighted mean differences (WMDs). Results From 487 citations identified, we selected 3 fully published articles and 2 abstracts assessing a total of 316 patients. Erythromycin (3 studies) and metoclopramide (2 studies) were compared with either placebo (2 studies) or no treatment (3 studies). A prokinetic agent significantly reduced the need for repeat EGD (OR 0.55; 95% CI, 0.32-0.94). The number of units of blood was not significantly altered (WMD, −0.40; 95% CI, −0.86 to 0.06) nor was hospital stay (WMD, −1.04; 95% CI, −2.83 to 0.76) or the need for surgery (OR 1.11; 95% CI, 0.27-4.67). Endoscopic visualization was not analyzed because the disparate definitions across studies did not allow for meaningful clinical inferences. Limitations The results are limited by the small number of subjects. Conclusions Intravenous erythromycin or metoclopramide immediately before EGD in acute UGIB patients decreases the need for a repeat EGD, but does not improve other clinically relevant measurable outcomes.
Background Routine second-look endoscopy in modern-era peptic ulcer bleeding (PUB) remains controversial. Objective To assess the effectiveness of routine second-look endoscopy in patients with PUB ...exhibiting high-risk stigmata after standard medical care and endoscopic therapy. Design Comprehensive literature searches (1990-2011) were performed, seeking randomized trials comparing a routine with an as-needed second endoscopy. Main Outcome Measurements The main outcome was rebleeding. Secondary outcomes were surgery and mortality. Subanalyses assessed the influence of study quality, rebleeding definitions, endoscopic hemostasis modality, and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapies. Analyses were performed with Revman 5.1. Results are shown as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Only 4 published articles completely reporting studies and 4 abstracts (of 577 citations) were included (938 patients). Rebleeding was significantly decreased by a routine second-look endoscopy (OR 0.55; 95% CI, 0.37-0.81), as was surgery (OR 0.43; 95% CI, 0.19-0.96), but not mortality (OR 0.65; 95% CI, 0.26-1.62). Results remained robust with varying definitions of rebleeding, but not with varying endoscopic hemostasis modalities and PPI therapies; the only trial in which high-dose PPI was used did not show a benefit of a second-look endoscopy. When removing the 2 trials that included patients at highest risk of rebleeding, no significant benefit attributable to a second-look endoscopy was noted (OR 0.65; 95% CI, 0.42-1.00). Limitations The small number of trials and patients in each of these studies. Conclusions In the absence of high-dose PPI, especially in patients at very high risk (eg, active bleeding), routine second-look endoscopy appears effective in these selected patients with PUB. However, the generalizability of these results to the era of high-dose PPI and otherwise unselected patients with high-risk stigmata is unclear.
Background and Aims Upper GI bleeding (UGIB) still constitutes one of the major hospital admissions through emergency departments (EDs). This feasibility study aims to test whether capsule endoscopy ...(CE) can reduce unnecessary hospital admissions in patients with suspected UGIB. Methods This was a prospective randomized controlled trial in which patients who presented with symptoms or signs suggestive of UGIB were randomized to receive either the standard treatment (ST) of hospital management or receive CE, after which hospital admission was determined by the findings of CE. Patients were also graded by Glasgow Blatchford score (GBS) at the ED for assessment of need of hospital admission. Results Seventy-one patients fulfilled the recruitment criteria, with 37 subjects enrolled into the CE group and 34 subjects into the ST group. Seven CE patients with active bleeding or significant endoscopic findings were admitted to the hospital compared with the ST group in which all 34 patients were admitted. There was no difference in the clinical outcome in terms of recurrent bleeding and 30-day mortality. Hospital admission was also greatly reduced if CE instead of GBS was used to triage patients in the ED. Conclusions This feasibility study shows that CE offers a safe and effective method in triaging patients presenting with symptoms of UGIB that do not require hospital admission. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02446678 .)
Background The use of a guidewire (GW) for cannulation of the bile duct during ERCP may prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). Objectives A systematic review and meta-analysis of GW-guided versus ...conventional contrast (CC)–guided bile duct cannulation for the prevention PEP. Design A November 2008 search of gray literature, databases, reference lists, and meeting abstracts was conducted for randomized, controlled trials comparing GW and CC. Two independent reviewers extracted the data. The outcomes included PEP, primary cannulation success, and other adverse events. Results From 2132 citations, 7 randomized, controlled trials (5 noncrossover trials and 2 crossover trials) were included. Among noncrossover trials only, there was significant reduction in PEP when using a GW (3.2%) compared with CC (8.7%) (relative risk RR 0.38; 95% CI, 0.19-0.76). Subgroup analysis showed a significantly lower occurrence of PEP after GW entry versus CC injection of the pancreatic duct (1.1% vs 9.5%; RR 0.19; 95% CI, 0.06-0.58). Among patients with a precut sphincterotomy from a failed primary cannulation, there was less PEP with GW cannulation compared with CC (2.4% vs 21.7%; RR 0.21; 95% CI, 0.04-1.04). The other adverse event rates were comparable between GW and CC groups (2% vs 2%; RR 1.05; 95% CI, 0.39-2.83). Primary cannulation success was significantly greater with GW use compared with CC (89% vs 78%; RR 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05-1.35). Conclusion ERCP GW cannulation reduces the risk of PEP compared with the use of CC. GW cannulation is associated with a higher cannulation success rate and less PEP after pancreatic duct entry.
Background Certain subgroups have higher rates of false fecal immunochemical test (FIT) results, yet few studies have addressed this topic. Objective To identify demographic factors associated with ...false-positive and false-negative FIT results in colorectal cancer screening. Design Retrospective database review of prospectively collected data. Setting A bowel cancer screening center in Hong Kong invited participants for colorectal cancer screening (2008-2012). Patients Study participants who underwent both FIT and colonoscopy in the first year (n = 4482) and underwent colonoscopy after negative FIT results for 3 consecutive years (n = 857). Main Outcome Measurements The diagnostic accuracy and predictive values of FIT according to participant characteristics. Results The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values for advanced neoplasia were 33.1%, 91.9%, 19.0%, and 96.0%, respectively. Participants 66 to 70 years of age had higher sensitivity, whereas older age, smoking, and use of aspirin/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were associated with lower specificity. The rates of false-positive and false-negative results were 8.1% and 66.9%, respectively. Older age (66-70 years; adjusted odds ratio AOR 1.95; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.35-2.81; P < .001), smoking (AOR 1.68; 95% CI, 1.08-2.61; P = .020), and the presence of polypoid adenoma (AOR 1.71; 95% CI, 1.14-2.57; P = .009) were associated with false-positive results. Younger participants (AOR for elderly participants 0.31) and the use of aspirin/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (AOR 4.44) in participants with 1 FIT with negative results and the absence of high-grade dysplasia (AOR for presence 0.41) were associated with false-negative results. Limitations Self-referred participants who received one type of qualitative FIT. Conclusion These findings could be used to target screening more toward those with a higher risk of false-negative results and those with a lower risk of false-positive results for earlier colonoscopy.
Background The Asia-Pacific Colorectal Screening (APCS) score based on age, gender, family history, and smoking is useful to predict advanced colorectal neoplasia (ACN) in asymptomatic Asian ...subjects. Purpose To evaluate the factors in addition to those of APCS associated with ACN colonoscopic findings. Methods Data from 5,220 asymptomatic subjects aged between 50 and 70 years who underwent screening colonoscopy in a community center between 2008 and 2012 were analyzed. One binary logistic regression analysis was conducted in 2013 with the presence of ACN or cancer as the outcome, controlling for APCS score, alcohol consumption, BMI, hypertension, and other chronic diseases as independent variables. Results The average participant age was 57.7 years (SD=4.9) and 47.5% were men. Advanced neoplasms or cancers were identified at colonoscopy in 5.6% of all screening participants. From multivariate regression analysis, APCS score≥4 (adjusted OR AOR=1.74, 95% CI=1.34, 2.25, p <0.001); overweight (BMI=23−24.9, AOR=1.52, 95% CI=1.12, 2.07, p =0.007); obesity (BMI≥25, AOR=1.56, 95% CI=1.15, 2.10, p =0.004); hypertension (AOR=1.58, 95% CI=1.21, 2.06, p =0.001); and alcohol consumption (AOR=1.47, 95% CI=1.05, 2.06, p =0.025) were associated with ACN. The c-statistic of APCS score alone was 0.560 (95% CI=0.524, 0.595, p =0.001) and that of APCS score plus BMI, hypertension, and alcohol consumption was 0.613 (95% CI=0.578, 0.648, p <0.001). Conclusions Alcohol consumption, hypertension, and BMI are independent predictors of ACN, which could be incorporated into the APCS for prioritizing Asian asymptomatic subjects for colorectal cancer screening.
Background EUS may be used to reduce the need of diagnostic ERCP. Objective Our purpose was to investigate the benefits and safety of an EUS-guided versus an ERCP-guided approach in the management of ...suspected biliary obstructive diseases caused by choledocholithiasis, in whom a US study is not diagnostic. Design A randomized study. Setting A university medical unit. Patients Patients with clinical, biochemical, or radiologic suspicion of biliary obstruction. Interventions In the EUS group, therapeutic ERCP was performed at the same EUS session if a lesion was found. In the ERCP group, therapeutic treatment was carried out at the discretion of the endoscopist. Main Outcome Measurements The number of ERCPs avoided, procedure-related complications, and recurrent biliary symptoms on follow-up at 1 year. Results Thirty-three patients were randomized to EUS and 32 to ERCP. Three patients (9.4%) had failed ERCPs, whereas all EUS procedures were successful. Nine (27.3%) patients in the EUS group were found to have biliary lesions that were all treated by ERCP. In the ERCP group, 7 (22%) patients had biliary lesions detected that were treated in the same session. More patients had serious complications (bleeding, acute pancreatitis, and umbilical abscess) in the ERCP group. One patient in each group had recurrent biliary symptoms during follow-up. With EUS used as a triage tool, diagnostic ERCP and its related complications could be spared in 49 (75.4%) patients. Conclusions In patients suspected to have biliary obstructive disease, EUS is a safe and accurate test to select patients for therapeutic ERCP.
Targeted screening for colorectal cancer in high-risk individuals Wong, Martin C.S., MBChB, MD, MPH, FRACGP; Wong, Sunny H., MBChB (Hons), DPhil; Ng, Siew C., MBBS, PhD ...
Baillière's best practice & research. Clinical gastroenterology,
12/2015, Letnik:
29, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Abstract The idea of targeted screening for colorectal cancer based on risk profiles originates from its benefits to improve detection yield and optimize screening efficiency. Clinically, it allows ...individuals to be more aware of their own risk and make informed decisions on screening choice. From a public health perspective, the implementation of risk stratification strategies may better justify utilization of colonoscopic resources, and facilitate resource-planning in the formulation of population-based screening programmes. There are several at-risk groups who should receive earlier screening, and colonoscopy is more preferred. This review summarizes the currently recommended CRC screening strategies among subjects with different risk factors, and introduces existing risk scoring systems. Additional genetic, epidemiological, and clinical parameters may be needed to enhance their performance to risk-stratify screening participants. Future research studies should refine these scoring systems, and explore the adaptability, feasibility, acceptability, and user-friendliness of their use in clinical practice among different population groups.
Background and Aims Current evidence of whether distal hyperplastic polyps (HPs) are markers of proximal neoplasia (PN) is mixed. We evaluated the association between distal neoplasia and synchronous ...PN in asymptomatic subjects. Methods We recruited 5819 Chinese asymptomatic screening participants 50 to 70 years of age who underwent colonoscopy in Hong Kong from 2008 to 2014, of whom 206 subjects with distal advanced neoplasia or cancer were excluded. The association between distal pathology (tubular adenomas TAs, HPs, no polyps) and proximal pathology (PN, proximal advanced neoplasia PAN) was assessed by multivariate regression models, overall and stratified by the Asia Pacific Colorectal Screening scoring system (scores of 4-7, high risk; scores of 0-3, lower risk). Results The prevalence of PN in the no distal polyps group, distal HPs group, and distal TAs group was 14.8%, 19.3%, and 29.4%, respectively. The corresponding prevalence of PAN was 1.8%, 3.2%, and 3.5%. Participants with distal HPs did not have significantly higher odds of PN (adjusted odds ratio AOR 1.24; 95% confidence interval CI, 0.97-1.59; P = .089), and their association with PAN was marginally significant (AOR 1.77; 95% CI, 1.00-3.13; P = .052), except in lower risk subjects for whom the odds of PAN were marginally higher in the distal HPs group than the no distal polyps group (AOR 1.97; 95% CI, 1.01-3.85; P = .048). Overall, the distal polyps group had significantly lower odds of PN than the distal TAs group (AOR 0.55; 95% CI, 0.40-0.76; P < .001). The increased risk of PN and PAN among those with distal HPs was modest. Conclusions A direct association between distal HPs and PN is lacking, and this implies a need for a multivariate assessment of the risk of PAN. Recommending colonoscopy for every patient with distal HPs detected by screening sigmoidoscopy is not supported by this study.
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