Policing has long been recognized as an emotionally distressing and stressful occupation, and recent years have seen a marked increase in psychological illness within the police service of Britain. ...Research into the emotional labor of police officers and its psychological consequences is limited and has predominately engaged quantitative methodologies. This paper takes a mixed methods approach, exploring emotional labor and the relationship with burnout within a large police force in the north of England. The use of audio diary provides in-depth exploration of feeling and display rules operating within the police service. Narrative analysis of thirty-eight audio diary entries and a focus group is integrated with results from the Maslach and Jackson Burnout Inventory. Findings indicated depersonalisation as a requirement of feeling and display rules, a strategy also used as a form of coping, as well as experienced as an aspect of burnout. Emotional suppression went beyond interactions with members of the public, continuing into peer and family relationships, with many officers never expressing their true emotions. This presents an important opportunity for the police service of England and Wales to better understand and respond to the emotional pressures and coping mechanisms that officer's experience within their lives.
Psychological autonomy and the impact it has on employees' well-being has seldom been examined for those employed in low-skilled occupations. Using self-determination theory (SDT) as the theoretical ...grounding, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between supervisors' support for psychological autonomy and employee outcomes such as well-being, stress, and job performance, for those in low-skilled occupations. SDT proposes that the effect of supervisors' autonomy support is mediated through the satisfaction and frustration of employees' needs. Survey data were collected from 171 employees at four different organisations in New Zealand. Regression analysis indicated that supervisors' autonomy support was positively related to the satisfaction of employees' autonomy, competence and relatedness needs, and negatively related to frustration of employees' autonomy and relatedness needs. In addition, supervisors' autonomy support was related to job performance through competence and relatedness satisfaction and to well-being through autonomy satisfaction. Findings highlight the importance of supervisors' autonomy support for employees' well-being and job performance, giving organisations ways to improve well-being and job performance.
► We explored the validity and utility of the Enneagram personality typology in the workplace. ► A questionnaire survey assessed three models of personality and job-related variables. ► Enneagram ...types had distinctive profiles on traits, values and implicit motives. ► The Enneagram predicted job-related variables as well as other personality models. ► The Enneagram typology provides an integrative approach to understanding individual behaviour at work.
Despite the Enneagram Personality Typology growing in popularity within the workplace, little research has focused in it. The aims of this study were therefore twofold. First, to establish how the Enneagram Personality Typology relates to personality approaches that are more established within the research literature and second, to explore the relationship between Enneagram types and key workplace attitudes and cognitions. In doing so, the study is the first investigation into the validity and utility of the Enneagram model as a typology approach to personality in the workplace. Four hundred and sixteen participants, the majority in full time employment, completed a questionnaire survey assessing personality (Enneagram type, Big Five traits, personal values, implicit motives) and work-related variables (job attitudes and cognitions and occupational demographics). Enneagram types were distinguished using a unique pattern of traits, values and implicit motives, demonstrating that the typology provides a way of describing the “whole person”. In addition, each of the types had different relationships with the work variables, with the Enneagram model having predictive utility on a par with the personal values and implicit motives, and in one case higher predictive utility than the Big Five. With its focus on self-development and the identification of hidden potential, the Enneagram typology might provide a powerful tool for employee development and talent management. The integrative rather than reductionist approach to personality encourages a more realistic understanding of individual behaviour at work.
Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to investigate whether self-awareness, which is associated with general well-being and positive life outcomes, is also of specific benefit in the workplace. The ...authors tested the relationship between self-awareness and job-related well-being, and evaluated two different interventions designed to improve dispositional self-awareness at work.
Design/methodology/approach
– Full-time employees took part in these training interventions and completed questionnaires using a switching-replications design. Questionnaires measured dispositional self-attentiveness (reflection and rumination) and job well-being (satisfaction, enthusiasm and contentment) at three time points over a period of six weeks. Statistical analyses were complemented with qualitative analysis of reported impacts.
Findings
– Self-awareness was positively associated with job-related well-being and was improved by training. Employees reported gaining a greater appreciation of diversity, improved communication with colleagues and increased confidence.
Research limitations/implications
– Sample size limited the extent to which the relatively weak relationships between the concepts could be identified.
Practical implications
– Self-awareness is demonstrated to be of value at work, associated with higher well-being and improvements in several positive occupational outcomes. The self-awareness training is more likely to result in active work-based improvements than in reflective changes.
Originality/value
– Dispositional self-awareness is shown to be subject to change through training. The study demonstrates the value of self-awareness at work and identifies a range of related work outcomes.
Introduction: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) affects nearly 300,000 US children, causing pain and physical disability. In clinical trials, biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs ...(bDMARDs) have been shown to decrease disease activity. We examined the effects of increased use of bDMARDs in real-world settings.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess outcomes in two cohorts of children diagnosed with JIA at Seattle Children’s Hospital (SCH). The exposure of interest was time period of JIA diagnosis representing pre- and post-bDMARD availability, with the earlier cohort consisting of all children diagnosed 1998-2000 (N=194) and the later cohort consisting of all children diagnosed 2015-2017 (N=240). Electronic medical records and chart review were used to assess dates of diagnosis and outcomes of achieving inactive disease, disease flare occurrence, and hospitalization for infection. Poisson regression was used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for these outcomes among children in the more recent cohort relative to the early cohort, adjusted for age at diagnosis, JIA category, and receipt of any intraarticular glucocorticoid injection. Children were followed up for up to three years. The mean days to inactive disease and time in inactive disease were also assessed and compared using t-tests. Results: Among children with three full years of follow up, the mean numbers of days to inactive disease were 237 days (sd 233) in the later cohort vs. 306 days (sd 239) in early cohort (p=0.02). The mean numbers of days in inactive disease for those in the later and early cohorts were 652 days (sd 306) and 621 days (sd 281, p=0.39), respectively. RR for achievement of inactive disease status in the late vs. early cohort was RR 1.01 (95%CI: 0.94-1.07). Among children who had achieved inactive disease status, the RR for flare occurrence was 1.21 (95% CI: 0.99-1.50). These results did not vary greatly by sex or race/ethnicity, but the risk of flare occurrence was slightly greater among children with oligoarticular-persistent JIA (RR 1.37, 95% CI: 0.86-1.97). Hospitalization for infection was not assessed due to low numbers.Conclusion: With the exception of fewer days until inactive disease and a suggestion of increased time in inactive disease in the later cohort when bDMARDS were more in use, we did not observe strong evidence of differences in these disease outcomes between the cohorts in which these drugs were more and less available. Further studies to examine time to inactive disease, time to disease flare after inactive disease is achieved, and time in inactive disease is warranted to better understand the impact of the approval of bDMARDs on JIA outcomes outside of clinical trials.
Teaching can be an emotionally exhausting profession, with student behaviour frequently cited as a significant source of stress that can negatively impact teacher wellbeing and lead to burnout ...(Chang, 2009). Government data indicates that approximately 32% of teachers in England leave the profession within their first five years of teaching (DfE, 2020b). To address teacher retention and wellbeing, it is important to consider effective ways in which teachers, particularly those early in their careers, can be supported with classroom behaviour that they perceive as challenging.This study comprises of two distinct phases. The first phase consists of a systematic literature review of effective CPD approaches and models for supporting teachers with classroom behaviour. Sixteen primary studies were selected for review and the findings were synthesised using a narrative synthesis approach (Popay et al., 2006). The second phase of this study examines how early career teachers (ECTs) describe their perceptions of, attitudes towards, and responses to behaviour that they perceive as challenging. It also explores ECTs’ experiences of CPD and considers their views on effective support in regard to classroom behaviour. Teachers in their first, second or third year of teaching (N = 10) participated in semi-structured interviews and findings were analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2019, 2020).The findings of the systematic literature review indicate that effective interventions tend to target either teacher behaviour or teacher cognition, or both, as a means to change. Effective interventions typically use a combination of traditional and transmissive CPD models (Kennedy, 2005) and include active-based learning methods, goal setting or needs assessment, and opportunities to develop relationships with peers or receive personalised feedback from a coach or mentor.The results of the thematic analysis demonstrate how the overarching theme of professional values and beliefs informs how ECTs talk about and respond to challenging behaviour. Four additional themes were identified. The first indicates that ECTs’ perceptions of and attitudes toward particular behaviours point to their views about what a teacher is and does; the second theme explores the tensions experienced by ECTs when determining how to manage classroom behaviour while also meeting the needs of all the children in their class; the third considers that while ECTs generally attribute behaviour that they find challenging to causes outside of their control, this does not prevent them from seeing themselves as impacting classroom behaviour and contributing positively to the solution; and the fourth theme demonstrates that ECTs value support from their colleagues, as well as CPD training activities that are relevant to their circumstances and delivered by those who understand their schools’ context.The study concludes by exploring implications for educational psychologists. It considers future directions for their role in the development, delivery, and facilitation of CPD that supports teachers, particularly those in the early stages of their career, with classroom behaviour that they find challenging.
Objectives
A healthy immune system is required to protect against viral infection and ensure the efficacy of vaccines. Psychological distress can threaten immune resilience, while mindfulness ...practices can be protective. In New Zealand, Māori experience significantly higher levels of distress compared to non-Māori. The aim of this study was to explore the role of ethnicity in the relations among immunity, depression, anxiety, stress, and mindfulness relate to each other.
Method
Network analysis was used to explore unique relations among distress (depression, anxiety, stress), mindfulness facets, and immune status in matched (age, ranging from 19 to 88 years, sex, and self-classified socio-economic status) samples of Māori (
n
= 195) and non-Māori (
n
= 195) participants from New Zealand.
Results
The networks of distress, mindfulness, and immune status were significantly different between Māori and non-Māori participants. The mindfulness facets Describe and Act with Awareness were more strongly positively linked in Māori, and Non-judge and Depression more strongly negatively linked in Māori, while Describe and Non-judge were more strongly positively linked in non-Māori. For both Māori and non-Māori, similarities included a negative link between anxiety and immune status, strong positive links between the distress variables, and positive links between the mindfulness facets of Non-judge and Act with Awareness, Observe and Non-React, and Observe and Describe.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that anxiety is strongly linked to poor immunity across both Māori and non-Māori in New Zealand while networks of mindfulness and distress also demonstrated differences unique for each of these groups. Both similarities and differences between Māori and non-Māori should be considered when developing targeted interventions to improve physical and mental health in New Zealand.
Preregistration
This study is not preregistered.
A clear understanding of how students view plagiarism is needed if the extensive efforts devoted to helping them engage in high-quality scholarship are to be worthwhile. There are a variety of views ...on this topic, but theoretical models to integrate the literature, take account of international differences and guide practitioners are limited. Using a large, international student sample, this paper presents just such a model. More than 2500 university students in the UK and Australia completed a questionnaire rating the perceived 'seriousness' of various plagiarism-related actions in an individual assignment. Factor analysis identified three underlying themes: dishonest acts, poor referencing, and group work. Group comparisons indicated statistically significant differences in student understanding dependent on previous region of study, current faculty/school and level of study, with the former two emerging as more influential than the latter. This three-factor model provides practitioners with a methodology for integrating the many different studies in the area and gaining a broader overview of student understanding of plagiarism. In particular, it highlights how students consider plagiarism related to group work to be far less serious than other types. Given the increasing emphasis on group work in higher education, the implications of this for policy and practice are discussed. Importantly, the study also notes that effect sizes were small, suggesting that findings in this study, as in other studies, may not represent substantive differences in student perceptions. A single, universal approach to educating students about plagiarism may be as effective as approaches tailored to the individual's background.
Invasive fungal infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality affecting primarily immunocompromised patients. While fungal identification to the species level is critical to providing ...appropriate therapy, it can be slow and laborious and often relies on subjective morphological criteria. The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry has the potential to speed up and improve the accuracy of identification. In this multicenter study, we evaluated the accuracy of the Vitek MS v3.0 system in identifying 1,601 clinical mold isolates compared to identification by DNA sequence analysis and supported by morphological and phenotypic testing. Among the 1,519 isolates representing organisms in the v3.0 database, 91% (
= 1,387) were correctly identified to the species level. An additional 27 isolates (2%) were correctly identified to the genus level. Fifteen isolates were incorrectly identified, due to either a single incorrect identification (
= 13) or multiple identifications from different genera (
= 2). In those cases, when a single identification was provided that was not correct, the misidentification was within the same genus. The Vitek MS v3.0 was unable to identify 91 (6%) isolates, despite repeat testing. These isolates were distributed among all the genera. When considering all isolates tested, even those that were not represented in the database, the Vitek MS v3.0 provided a single correct identification 98% of the time. These findings demonstrate that the Vitek MS v3.0 system is highly accurate for the identification of common molds encountered in the clinical mycology laboratory.
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