Native title has often been one of the most controversial political, legal and indeed moral issues in Australia. Ever since the High Court's Mabo decision of 1992, the attempt to understand and adapt ...native title to different contexts and claims has been an ongoing concern for that broad range of people involved with claims. In this book, originally published in 2003, Peter Sutton sets out fundamental anthropological issues to do with customary rights, kinship, identity, spirituality and so on that are relevant for lawyers and others working on title claims. Sutton offers a critical discussion of anthropological findings in the field of Aboriginal traditional interests in land and waters, focusing on the kinds of customary rights that are 'held' in Aboriginal 'countries', the types of groups whose members have been found to enjoy those rights, and how such groups have fared over the last 200 years of Australian history.
This article reviews the set of possible paths from a semantics based on Simple Type Theories (STTs) toward one based on Rich Type Theories (RTTs) and the motivations behind the move from one to the ...other. The main elements of this review are threefold. First, it provides a systematic overview of different STTs, including options for what to include as members of the set of basic types, and whether to assume type constructors additional to the one for constructing functional types. Second, this review discusses the main differences between STTs and RTTs, namely, that in RTTs but not in STTs, types are part of the object language. That is, one can refer to and reason with and about types. In turn, this makes available an alternative account of propositions to the one assumed in semantics in the Frege-Church-Montague tradition: Instead of being characterized as sets of possible worlds, propositions can be treated themselves as types, that is, as structured semantic objects. Third and finally, this review provides an outline of some of the main applications of RTTs, including hyperintensionality, quantification, anaphora, polysemy, and modification.
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•Biosynthesis of vanillin using EUGO is optimised.•The best conditions allow an organic solvent free process of 9.9 g prod L−1 h−1.•Immobilised EUGO allowed the biocatalyst to be ...reused up to 18 reaction cycles.•Optimised conditions increased the safety and reduced the environmental impact.
Vanilla is the second most expensive spice in the world. This issue triggered the necessity to obtain its flavour compound, vanillin, by alternative methods, most of which have focused on biosynthesis since it can be labelled as “natural” and sold at higher price. In this work, a process for the enzymatic synthesis of vanillin has been optimised, not only from a process metrics point of view but also from an environmentally sustainable perspective. The maximum biocatalyst activity and stability was taken into account for the selection of the reaction conditions. Soluble and immobilised eugenol oxidase (EUGO) was tested under both reaction conditions. The optimum conditions obtained lead to an organic solvent free process reaching 9.9 g prod L−1 h−1. Moreover, the use of immobilised EUGO allowed the biocatalyst to be reused up to 18 reaction cycles, improving the biocatalyst yield more than 12-fold, thus also reducing the biocatalyst associated cost.
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•Development of an enzymatic synthesis of a statin precursor.•Process optimization by Design of Experiments.•Enzyme immobilisation improved the stability of alcohol dehydrogenase.•The ...immobilised derivative could be re-used in several reaction cycles.
Statins inhibit the synthesis of LDL-cholesterol which is related to cardiovascular diseases. One of the key steps in the synthesis of the chiral side chain of some statins is the oxidation of the chlorolactol to chlorolactone. This oxidation has been performed by an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH99) using a NADPH-oxidase (NOX) as a cofactor regeneration system. The reaction conditions were optimised obtaining high reaction yield (94.7 %), space time yield (4.6 g L−1 h−1) and biocatalyst yield (7.9 mg product mg−1 biocatalyst). Both enzymes have been efficiently immobilised onto different supports (Eupergit® CM, Amino-agarose, Epoxy agarose-UAB, Purolite ECR8409 and ECR8415). ADH99 showed a stability improvement when immobilised. However, NOX did not show any significant stability enhancement. The most stable ADH99 immobilised derivative, ADH99-Epoxy agarose-UAB, was used to perform the oxidation, improving 1.5-fold both, the total amount of product produced and the biocatalyst yield compared to the ADH99 soluble form.
Amide bond formation is one of the most important reactions in pharmaceutical synthetic chemistry. The development of sustainable methods for amide bond formation, including those that are catalyzed ...by enzymes, is therefore of significant interest. The ATP‐dependent amide bond synthetase (ABS) enzyme McbA, from Marinactinospora thermotolerans, catalyzes the formation of amides as part of the biosynthetic pathway towards the marinacarboline secondary metabolites. The reaction proceeds via an adenylate intermediate, with both adenylation and amidation steps catalyzed within one active site. In this study, McbA was applied to the synthesis of pharmaceutical‐type amides from a range of aryl carboxylic acids with partner amines provided at 1–5 molar equivalents. The structure of McbA revealed the structural determinants of aryl acid substrate tolerance and differences in conformation associated with the two half reactions catalyzed. The catalytic performance of McbA, coupled with the structure, suggest that this and other ABS enzymes may be engineered for applications in the sustainable synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant (chiral) amides.
Broad‐way production: The amide bond synthetase McbA from Marinactinobacter thermotolerans catalyzes the ATP‐dependent two‐step synthesis of phenylethylamides using a surprisingly broad range of aryl acid donors and at amine molar equivalents of just 1–5. The structure of the enzyme reveals the basis for its broad substrate specificity and serves as a platform for further engineering of this system for the biocatalytic synthesis of amides.
Between 1977 and 1999, Luise Hercus published nine papers in the journal Aboriginal History.1 Seven of these were centred on narrative and song texts recorded in or about the Lake Eyre region, ...presented in the Aboriginal languages of Luise's teachers, and carefully glossed and translated into English prose. The other two Aboriginal History papers were salvage studies dealing with languages of far southwestern New South Wales, using old records.
Wright (Synthese 30:325–365, 1975) holds that the following two theses are jointly incoherent: (T1) Rules determine correct language use. (T2) These rules are discoverable via internal reflection on ...language use. I argue that incoherence is derivable from (T1) alone and examine two types of probabilistic accounts that model a modification of (T1), one in terms of inexact knowledge, the other in terms of viewing semantic rules as reasons for linguistic actions. Both accommodate tolerance by breaking the link between justified assertion and truth, but incoherence threatens their conception of justified assertion (the 'relocation problem'). I argue that the rules-as-reasons approach can relocate sharp boundaries to a place where they are not only more tolerable, but to be expected.
There are large variations in the responses of species to the environmental changes of recent decades, heightening interest in whether their traits may explain inter-specific differences in range ...expansions and contractions. Using a long-term distributional dataset, we calculated range changes of grasshoppers and crickets in Britain between the 1980s and the 2000s and assessed whether their traits (resource use, life history, dispersal ability, geographic location) explain relative performance of different species. Our analysis showed large changes in the distributions of some species, and we found a positive relationship between three traits and range change: ranges tended to increase for habitat generalists, species that oviposit in the vegetation above ground, and for those with a southerly distribution. These findings accord well with the nature of environmental changes over this period (climatic warming; reductions in the diversity and increases in the height of vegetation). However, the trait effects applied mainly to just two species, Conocephalus discolor and Metrioptera roeselii, which had shown the greatest range increases. Once they were omitted from the analysis, trait effects were no longer statistically significant. Previous studies on these two species emphasised wing-length dimorphism as the key to their success, resulting in a high phenotypic plasticity of dispersal and evolutionary-ecological feedback at their expanding range margins. This, combined with our results, suggests that an unusual combination of traits have enabled these two species to undertake extremely rapid responses to recent environmental changes. The fact that our results are dominated by two species only became apparent through cautious testing of the results' robustness, not through standard statistical checks. We conclude that trait-based analyses may contribute to the assessment of species responses to environmental change and provide insights into underlying mechanisms, but results need to be interpreted with caution and may have limited predictive power.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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