Committees of inquiry, in related literature, are often called as 'sharpest sword' of the opposition. However, this sharpness is highly dependent on how much rights the opposition is effectively ...provided by the fine details of the procedural rules, and whether these rights are justiciable. According to the German model, the inquiry must be launched if a quarter of the MPs require it, and the opposition enjoys minority rights also during the inquiry. Many countries implemented the first, but not the second element in their parliamentary procedures (Hungary, Kosovo, Albania, Lithuania), which led to ineffective inquiries. The only positive example for a successful transplant of the mandatory minority initiative for launching an inquiry is the neighbouring country, Austria. In most of the other countries, the majority is more effective in conducting inquiries, and, lacking judicial remedies, the opposition cannot put its right to inquiry in practice effectively. It seems that the mandatory minority initiative hardly works properly outside its original home country, Germany, and the only successful transplant country, Austria. Another evidence that legal transplants cannot survive if the legal environment and culture is not fertile and developed enough.
Objective
We present the combination of spontaneous ventilation and double-lumen tube intubation in thoracic surgery.
Methods
At the beginning of the procedures, the patients with a body mass index ...of ≤ 30 were relaxed for a short time, and a double-lumen tube was inserted. After the utility incision or thoracotomy, the vagus nerve was blocked (in right side in the upper mediastinum; in left side in the aorto-pulmonary window) with 3–5 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine. The patients had a bispectral index of 40–60. After the short relaxation period, the patients were ventilating spontaneously without any cough during the manipulation.
Results
Between March 10 and September 18. 2020, 26 spontaneous ventilation combined with intubation surgeries were performed: 19 uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery (15 lobectomies, 1 segmentectomy, and 3 wedge resections) and 7 open (5 lobectomies and 1 sleeve segmentectomy, 1 wedge resection). The mean mechanical and spontaneous one-lung ventilation time was 25.5 (15–115) and 73.3 (45–100) minutes, respectively. In 2 cases conversion to relaxation were necessary (2/26; 7.7%). The mean maximal carbon dioxide pressure was 52.3 (38–66) Hgmm and the mean lowest oxygen saturation was 93.8 (86–99) %. Breathing frequency ranged between 10–25/minute. The mean surgical times was 83.3 (55–130) minutes.
Conclusions
Spontaneous ventilation combined with intubation in video-assisted thoracic surgery or open resections is a safe method in selected patients. It can reduce the mechanical one-lung ventilation period with 76.6% and give safe airway for spontaneous ventilation thoracic procedures.
One of the most valuable assets of economic and social life is information. Information is a resource for organizations, the basis for efficient operation, an asset, and often also a product that is ...sold. Information security is rarely thought of as a problem, yet, actions taken to protect information are everywhere in our lives. There are processes that can be a critical problem in the operation of an organization if the operation of the organization is not controlled properly and the organization is not well-prepared to avert a possible disaster. This study summarizes the background of the theoretical planning of an IT security system and shows an example of its possible implementation through a case study.
Social psychological research on collective victimhood has focused on just a few ways in which people think about the ingroup's victimization that imply certain assumptions and limit our ...understanding of collective victim beliefs. Additionally, different historical and sociopolitical contexts may make different collective victim beliefs relevant. This article examines collective victim beliefs expressed in open‐ended survey responses among six different groups: Northern Irish participants, Greek Cypriots, Hungarians, Poles, Jewish Americans, and Armenian Americans (N = 638). Qualitative content analysis revealed five broader categories with several collective victim beliefs each. General appraisals of the ingroup's collective victimization entailed centrality of ingroup victimization versus defocusing victimhood. More specific appraisals included context‐specific characteristics of the ingroup's victimization, perceptions of the perpetrator group (attributions of blame), and perceptions of other victim groups (comparative victim beliefs, including rejecting comparisons). The findings extend and challenge commonly studied collective victim beliefs, and propose novel theoretical directions.
Multiple myeloma is one of the most common hematological malignancies, affecting mainly elderly patients. The treatment landscape for the management of this disease has evolved significantly over the ...past 15 years, and a vast array of therapeutics is now available, including immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies. As a result, deciding which drugs to use and when, and whether these should be used in a particular order or combination, can be challenging. Although combination regimens are often associated with deeper responses and better long-term outcomes than monotherapy, and are becoming the standard of care, they may result in significant incremental toxicity; hence, a sequential approach may be more appropriate for some patients. In particular, treatment choices can vary depending on whether the patient has newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, is eligible for transplant, has relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma, or is considered to have high-risk disease. In this review, we discuss factors to be taken into account when making treatment decisions in each of these settings. We also briefly discuss possible therapeutic strategies involving agents that may become available in the future.
Numerical simulations and analytical calculations are performed to support the design of grating-coupled planar optical waveguides for biological sensing. Near cut-off and far from cut-off modes are ...investigated, and their characteristics and suitability for sensing are compared. The numerical simulations reveal the high sensitivity of the guided mode intensity near the cut-off wavelength for any refractive index change along the waveguide. Consequently, it is sufficient to monitor the intensity change of the near cut-off sensing mode, which leads to a simpler sensor design compared to those setups where the resonant wavelength shift of the guided mode is monitored with high precision. The operating wavelength and the sensitivity of the proposed device can be tuned by varying the geometrical parameters of the corrugated waveguide. These results may lead to the development of highly sensitive integrated sensors, which have a simple design and therefore are cost-effective for a wide range of applications. These numerical findings are supported with experimental results, where the cut-off sensing mode was identified.
A microfluidic mixer is integrated with a dual-band microwave resonator to allow in situ monitoring of mixing two liquids. The resonator is a complementary double split-ring resonator, which is ...etched in the ground plane of a microstrip transmission line. The output channel of the mixer is conducted below the ground plane in the near field of the resonator. Electromagnetic and fluid dynamic simulations have been performed to design optimal channel configurations for this Section to increase the sensitivity, minimize the volume of the required liquid sample, and eliminate unwanted microfluidic mixing. The frequency variation of the first two resonances is monitored by measuring the transmission parameter of the microstrip line. The performance of the device is demonstrated by mixing saline solutions of different concentrations and the transmission spectra of different chemicals are also presented. It is shown that the device can allow unambiguous chemical identification by simultaneous monitoring of the two resonances. The total amount of fluid required to operate the device is less than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">8 \mu \text {L} </tex-math></inline-formula>.
The present study examined the interplay between chronic intelligence beliefs, manipulated intelligence beliefs and self-handicapping processes. Prior studies showed that holding more of a fixed ...intelligence theory makes one vulnerable to resorting to self-protective mechanisms such as self-handicapping, while growth intelligence mindset can serve as a protective factor for self-handicapping. However, no prior studies have examined the potential interaction between pre-experimental intelligence beliefs, the manipulation of intelligence mindsets and behavioral self-handicapping. Although in our student sample (N = 101) there was no main effect of the mindset manipulations, participants with more of an initial fixed mindset benefited a lot from a brief growth mindset manipulation and displayed the lowest levels of behavioral self-handicapping. The mindset manipulation had less effect on self-handicapping of originally more of a growth-mindset individuals. These laboratory results demonstrate the benefits of growth mindset triggers which can be especially beneficial to reduce self-handicapping of young adults with more of a fixed mindset in educational settings.
Glutamatergic transmission composed of the arriving of action potential at the axon terminal, fast vesicular Glu release, postsynaptic Glu receptor activation, astrocytic Glu clearance and Glu→Gln ...shuttle is an abundantly investigated phenomenon. Despite its essential role, however, much less is known about the consequences of the mechanistic connotations of Glu:Na+ symport. Due to the coupled Na+ transport, Glu uptake results in significantly elevated intracellular astrocytic Na+ that markedly alters the driving force of other Na+-coupled astrocytic transporters. The resulting GABA and Gln release by reverse transport through the respective GAT-3 and SNAT3 transporters help to re-establish the physiological Na+ homeostasis without ATP dissipation and consequently leads to enhanced tonic inhibition and replenishment of axonal glutamate pool. Here, we place this emerging astrocytic adjustment of synaptic excitability into the centre of future perspectives.
This article is part of the issue entitled ‘Special Issue on Neurotransmitter Transporters’.
•Astrocytic Glu:Na+ symport links inhibition to excitation via GABA release.•Astrocytic GABA induces tonic inhibition, rising adaptation at tripartite synapses.•Extrasynaptic levels of Glu, GABA and precursor Gln may follow “push-pull” dynamics.•Astrocytic GABA release conjectures low-affinity transporter binding of Na+-GABA.•Improving synaptic adaptation by astrocytes may relieve several disease conditions.
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