By resolution of 28 March 2018 (III SZP 1/18) the Supreme Court in the extended composition of the panel decided that the municipal authority is entitled to appeal against the provincial governor’s ...ordinance order prohibiting the assembly issued pursuant to art. 26b p. 4 of the Act of 24 July 2015 Assembly Law (consolidated text, Journal of Laws “Dziennik Ustaw” 2018, item 408), and is also a party to proceedings pending as a result of the assembly organizer’s appeal against such an ordinance. The Supreme Court’s view that the municipal authority has a legal interest in submitting an appeal against the provincial governor’s order prohibiting the organization of the assembly should be fully approved. In the justification of the ruling, the Supreme Court took into account both the legal dualism of the provincial governor’s ordinance and the presumption of jurisdiction of the common court. The interpretation given in the resolution provides the municipality with judicial protection of independence in performing commissioned tasks related to the organization of assemblies.
The artificial light at night (ALAN) present in many cities and towns has a negative impact on numerous organisms that live alongside humans, including bats. Therefore, we investigated if the ...artificial illumination of the historic Wisłoujście Fortress in Gdańsk, Poland (part of the Natura 2000 network), during nighttime events, which included an outdoor electronic dance music (EDM) festival, might be responsible for increased light pollution and the decline in recent years of the pond bat (
. An assessment of light pollution levels was made using the methods of geographical information system (GIS) and free-of-charge satellite remote sensing (SRS) technology. Moreover, this paper reviewed the most important approaches for environmental protection of bats in the context of ecological light pollution, including International, European, and Polish regulatory frameworks. The analysis of this interdisciplinary study confirmed the complexity of the problem and highlighted, too, the need for better control of artificial illumination in such sensitive areas. It also revealed that SRS was not the best light pollution assessment method for this particular case study due to several reasons listed in this paper. As a result, the authors' proposal for improvements also involved practical recommendations for devising suitable strategies for lighting research and practice in the Natura 2000 Wisłoujście Fortress site located adjacent to urban areas to reduce the potential negative impact of ALAN on bats and their natural habitats.
Lucrarea subliniază dezvoltarea durabilă în contextul amenajării spațiale locale. Scopul considerațiilor este de a prezenta importanța dezvoltării durabile în crearea politicii spațiale, având în ...vedere că este un principiu legal. Natura normativă a principiului derivă nu numai din Constituția Republicii Polone, ci și din legile materiale. Mai mult decât atât, Legea privind amenajarea și dezvoltarea teritoriului prevede dezvoltarea durabilă ca bază a politicii spațiale la fiecare nivel (de stat și administrație locală). Din aceste considerente, analiza normativă a vizat ancorarea legală a dezvoltării durabile în Constituție, Legea mediului și Legea amenajării și amenajării teritoriului. Lucrarea se concentrează pe eficacitatea implementării dezvoltării durabile în politica locală de amenajare a teritoriului, întrucât, conform principiului descentralizării puterii publice și subsidiarității, comuna ca unitate de bază a administrației locale este responsabilă de gestionarea spațiului public. Sunt prezentate instrumentele legale de implementare a acestei politici spațiale, ținând cont de modificările introduse de reforma majoră a sistemului de amenajare a teritoriului din 2023. De asemenea, s-a evaluat dacă organele administrative care fac și aplică legi se referă la dezvoltarea durabilă în acțiunile lor. În acest sens, s-a făcut referire și la jurisprudența Curții Supreme Administrative și la direcția pe care aceasta a prezentat-o recent pentru interpretarea normelor.
Konstrukcja prawna audytu krajobrazowego Szlachetko, Katarzyna
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (iKAR),
2019, Letnik:
8, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
The aim of this article is to present the legal structure of a landscape audit, which is a specialist institution for the protection of the landscape. A legal institution is a set of legal norms ...which are related in the material, formal or purposeful sense. Each institution is shaped by the characteristic connection of norms that create its legal structure, referred to as the ‘guiding idea’ determining the construction of the institution of law. The article presents the issues of a landscape audit from the perspective of its territorial scope, content, rules of drawing up, role in the spatial planning system and legal nature
Konstrukcja prawna audytu krajobrazowego Katarzyna Szlachetko
Internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny,
01/2019, Letnik:
8, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie konstrukcji prawnej audytu krajobrazowego, który stanowi specjalistyczną instytucję ochrony krajobrazu. W nauce prawa najczęściej przyjmuje się za Z. Ziembińskim, ...że instytucja w znaczeniu prawnym stanowi zbiór wyodrębnionych norm, które w pewnym sensie – rzeczowym, formalnym lub celowym – są ze sobą powiązane (Ziembiński, 1983, s. 88 i n.). Każda instytucja jest ukształtowana przez charakterystyczne powiązanie norm, które tworzą jej konstrukcję prawną, określaną jako „myśl przewodnia” determinująca budowę instytucji prawa (ibidem). W artykule przedstawiono problematykę audytu krajobrazowego z perspektywy zasięgu terytorialnego jego obowiązywania, ustaleń (treści), procedury sporządzania i uchwalania, miejsca w systemie planowania przestrzennego oraz jego charakteru prawnego.
Current and expected changes in global climate are major threat for biological diversity affecting individuals, communities and ecosystems. However, there is no general trend in the plants response ...to the climate change. The aim of present study was to evaluate impact of the future climate changes on the distribution of holomycotrophic orchid species using ecological niche modeling approach. Three different scenarios of future climate changes were tested to obtain the most comprehensive insight in the possible habitat loss of 16 holomycotrophic orchids. The extinction of Cephalanthera austiniae was predicted in all analyses. The coverage of suitable niches of Pogoniopsis schenckii will decrease to 1-30% of its current extent. The reduction of at least 50% of climatic niche of Erythrorchis cassythoides and Limodorum abortivum will be observed. In turn, the coverage of suitable niches of Hexalectris spicata, Uleiorchis ulaei and Wullschlaegelia calcarata may be even 16-74 times larger than in the present time. The conducted niche modeling and analysis of the similarity of their climatic tolerance showed instead that the future modification of the coverage of their suitable niches will not be unified and the future climate changes may be not so harmful for holomycotrophic orchids as expected.
A recent surge of interest in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has stimulated the search for new systems that can be utilized to fabricate high-performance optical devices. However, the ...two-dimensional design of the vast majority of SERS-based assemblies has significantly hindered their real-life applicability, motivating the development of three-dimensional volumetric materials. Here, we report selective SERS observed in a volumetric Bi
-Ag eutectic composite obtained by the micro-pulling-down method utilizing directional solidification of eutectics. The enhancement of the Raman signal originates from the localized surface plasmon resonance, LSPR, resulting from silver nanoparticles embedded in the composite. The plasmonic origin of the enhancement is confirmed by characteristic features, such as (i) an enhancement magnitude >10
, (ii) the correspondence between the Raman bands’ intensity upon excitation by different wavelengths and the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) intensity, and (iii) the occurrence of overtones, which are absent in the as-grown material that does not exhibit LSPR. The examined Bi
-Ag eutectic-based composite is obtained by directional solidification using a simple crystal growth technique. It is the first case of a bulk SERS-active material fabricated by crystal growth techniques, which opens new perspectives towards scalable three-dimensional optical elements with tunable properties based on Raman scattering.
Electronic structures of rutile and anatase polymorph of TiO
2
were determined by resonant inelastic X-ray scattering measurements and FEFF9.0 calculations. Difference between crystalline structures ...led to shifts in the rutile Ti
d
-band to lower energy with respect to anatase, i.e., decrease in band gap. Anatase possesses localized states located in the band gap where electrons can be trapped, which are almost absent in the rutile structure. This could well explain the reported longer lifetimes in anatase. It was revealed that HR-XAS is insufficient to study in-depth unoccupied states of investigated materials because it overlooks the shallow traps.
Graphical Abstract
The resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy around Ti k-edge was applied to probe local electronic structure of TiO
2
rutile and anatase. By measuring 1s→3d excitation and 3p→1s decay channel, differences between localized and delocalized orbitals were determined. The 3d pre-edge structures were compared with
ab initio
multiple scattering simulations.
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