•An original method of PANI and PPy deposition on textile fabrics was elaborated.•The conductive fabrics were characterized using the SEM-EDS, FTIR, Raman spectra.•The optimal conditions of PANI and ...PPy deposition on textiles were established.•The formed conductive polymers show a good adhesion and low surface resistances.•The PANI and PPy conductive fabrics in EMI shielding were applied.
A facile and original method of deposition of polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPy) by reactive ink-jet printing on different textile fabrics is proposed. Polyaniline- and polypyrrole-coated conducting fabrics were obtained by chemical oxidation of aniline hydrochloride or pyrrole by ammonium peroxydisulfate on polyacrylonitrile (PAN), cotton, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), cotton/PET, wool, and cotton/wool fabrics. The conducting fabrics were characterized chemically by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The morphology of the coatings was observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The conducting properties (surface resistance) of the fabrics were measured by means of the four-probe method. The optimal conditions of the PANI and PPy deposition on textiles by reactive ink-jet printing were established. The obtained results prove that the proposed method is very simple, practically could be carried out on the basis of water-containing inks, giving a very good adhesion of the in-situ formed conductive polymer to the substrate and ensuring a very low surface resistance. The variation of the surface resistance vs. concentration of aniline hydrochloride or pyrrole for different textile fabrics was obtained. The mechanism of the PANI and PPy deposition and adhesion on textiles based on the electrokinetic phenomena is proposed and proved by the changes in relative resistance of PANI/PAN and PPy/PAN composites during the multi-cyclic flexing, washing and dry-cleaning processes, and re-doping with HCl. An application of PANI and PPy conductive textiles in electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is proposed. The results showed that PANI/PAN and PPy/PAN composites achieved very good and moderate EMI shielding effectiveness, respectively.
•The sulphonitrided steel sheets as the adsorbent for the elemental mercury vapours removal from flue gases.•The unit of surface area of the sulphonitrided steel shows higher Hg adsorption than ...activated carbon.•The sulphonitrided steel after activation conducted in H2 at 550 °C shows an unexpectedly high value of Hg adsorption.•The surface of the sulphonitrided steel is kind of catalyst for Hg oxidation.
Coal combustion, which is one of the most important energy sources of electricity generation, produces airborne pollutants: NOx, CO2, SO2, particulates and Hg°. A range of technologies is being developed to reduce the environmental impact of coal-fired power stations. No optimal technology that can be broadly applied exists as yet, but sorption of mercury is considered a promising approach. We report a novel adsorbent, which shows an extraordinary mechanical resistance and high adsorption capacity of mercury vapour. These adsorbent samples were synthesized in the gas sulphonitriding process using steel sheets. The chemisorption capacity of the sorbent materials, the process of the thermal desorption of mercury and the effect of the hydrogen activation treatment have been investigated in the work. It has been established that the capacity of mercury chemisorption increased more than twice after the heating treatment of the adsorbent in H2 atmosphere at 500 °C in comparison with the non-activated one. The mechanism of activation has been elucidated in the paper. For the purpose of comparison, activated carbon was also investigated.
Abstract Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry was applied in forensic research for characterization, visualization and analysis of fingerprints left after the fingers were contaminated by ...traces of drugs: amphetamine (AF), methamphetamine (MA) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy). Experimental work was carried out using four kinds of bases (steel, aluminium, brass and glass) on which fingerprints were imprinted. The results of our preliminary studies have demonstrated that the ToF-SIMS technique can be a powerful tool in chemical investigations of fingerprints and detection of traces of substances, which do not exist in natural skin extraction, but can be found at the crime scene.
The inkjet-printing technique was used to deposit a commercial silver nanoparticle ink in order to fabricate the electro-conductive layers directly on the different natural, synthetic, blend and ...mineral textile fabric surfaces with simultaneous sintering at 130℃ during printing process. This modification eliminated the necessity of sintering of silver prints in a box oven and significantly minimised ink spreading over the fabric. The silver nanoink used was characterised by means of ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The changes in surface resistance of the fabrics with the silver-deposited layers have been measured by means of the four-probe method. The morphology of the silver layers has been observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The conducting layers were also characterised chemically by means of energy dispersive spectroscopy. The changes in surface resistance of the silver inkjet-printed textiles were evaluated in the bending tests and after the rubbing, washing and dry-cleaning processes. The obtained results proved that the proposed shape-programmed inkjet-printing method was very simple, giving an excellent adhesion of the inkjet-printed silver layers to the substrates and ensuring a very low surface resistance. The studies have confirmed the usefulness of the ink applied for inkjet printing of silver electrodes and their good tolerance to bending, washing and dry-cleaning processes.
Obtained by the sol–gel like method nanosized Ce1−xZrxO2 oxides are homogeneous in size dimension and morphology. The formed solid solutions are stable upon thermal aging in the whole composition ...range (a). Optimum physico-chemical characteristic and catalytic performance shows Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 oxide (b). Display omitted
► Homogeneous and nanosized CeO2–ZrO2 were synthesized by the sol–gel like method. ► The effect of thermal aging on their physico-chemical properties has been studied. ► Solid solutions stable upon thermal aging were formed in the whole composition range. ► Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 presented the lowest sintering effects and highest specific activity. ► Presence of crystal faces, edges and corners generates better catalytic activity.
The effect of thermal aging on the physico-chemical properties of Ce–Zr oxides, as a function of Ce/Zr molar ratio, has been studied from the point of view of their application as catalytic nanomaterial. Homogeneous in size dimension and morphology, nanosized, single phase Ce–Zr solid solutions with various compositions were synthesized by the sol–gel like method. Upon thermal aging, important modifications of the textural and structural properties, which apparently create a strong effect on their catalytic performance, were observed. Their specific activity was found to be dependent on Ce/Zr molar ratio with the maximum observed over Ce0.75Zr0.25O2. Higher surface area, smaller particles, lower amount of particles agglomerates as well as higher amount of crystal faces, edges, and corners generate better catalytic activity, especially as long as cubic symmetry of mixed oxides was maintained.
This paper discusses the effect of the silica mineral fillers: chalcedony, Sillitin, aerosil on the cross-linking, mechanical and thermal properties of chloroprene and butadiene rubber (CR/BR) ...blends. A novelty is also the use of nano-zinc oxide (nZnO) as a cross-linking agent. The results revealed that chalcedony, Sillitin and aerosil can be used to the reinforcement of the CR/BR/nZnO vulcanizates. All filled composites were characterized by satisfying tensile strength and tear resistance investigated by means of a Zwick testing machine. Additionally, the tests of mechanical properties also included Shore hardness measurement. The dumping properties were determined for vulcanizates subjected to compressive stresses. The filler dispersion in the elastomer matrix was carried out by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on the hysteresis losses measurement and the Payne effect, it was found that these fillers in the elastomer matrix (CR/BR) formed the specific extra-network by the filler-filler interactions. Thermal stability studies were performed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Very high resistance to flame of filled CR/BR/nZnO vulcanizates was confirmed by measuring the oxygen index (OI).
In this paper we have demonstrated the possibility of the MWCNT growth on initially amorphous Co–Zr–N–O alloy thin film which was crystallized during heating followed by formation of Co particles on ...the surface. It was found that during CVD not only the growth of usual MWCNT array but also the formation of MWCNT arrays with a top covering layer and bilevel MWCNT arrays take place. The details of MWCNT array growth process are discussed. We have found that carbon nanotubes growth strongly depends on the Co concentration in the alloy film. The presented technique of MWCNT growth can be used in the preparation of new advanced engineering materials.
Monometallic nickel and bimetallic ruthenium–nickel catalysts supported onto aluminum oxide without additives and aluminum oxide modified with MgO and CaO were prepared by an impregnation method. The ...catalysts were tested in the process of the mixed reforming of methane, and their properties were characterized by thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. The total organic carbon content of the catalysts was also measured. The promoting effect of ruthenium and structural promoters on the catalytic activity of Ni/Al
2
O
3
was confirmed. The Ru–Ni/MgO–Al
2
O
3
catalyst exhibited the highest stability and activity; this fact can be explained by the increased adsorption of methane on the surface of ruthenium–nickel clusters.
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and scanning electron microscopy with field emission equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) were applied in order to ...investigate the surface of chosen biological indicators such as bark, needles and hair. All samples were collected from the urban areas of the Lodz city region, recognized as one of the most polluted in Poland. The high resolution of the applied techniques provides good separation of signals from different chemical species. High detection sensitivity enables an analysis of crucial elements and/or molecules. It was found that the surface of the materials studied was in general covered by many exogenous particles, suggesting, from the monitoring purpose point of view, their possible anthropogenic origin. The preliminary results obtained revealed that these techniques can be successfully used in environmental analysis of various biological samples and can provide detailed information about distribution and composition of airborne pollutants within the sample surfaces studied as well as initiate a renewed interest in the exposure study.
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