Elevated leptin in pregnant mice improves metabolism in offspring fed high-calorie diet and its influence may be sex-specific. Molecular mechanisms mediating leptin programming action are unknown. We ...aimed to investigate programming actions of maternal leptin on the signaling function of the placenta and fetal liver and on adaptation to high-calorie diet in male and female offspring. Female C57BL/6J mice received leptin injections in mid-pregnancy. Gene expression was assessed in placentas and in the fetal brain and liver at the end of pregnancy. Metabolic parameters and gene expression in the liver, brown fat and hypothalamus were assessed in adult male and female offspring that had consumed sweet and fatty diet (SFD: chow, lard, sweet biscuits) for 2 weeks. Females had lower blood levels of leptin, glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol than males. Consuming SFD, females had increased Ucp1 expression in brown fat, while males had accumulated fat, decreased blood triglycerides and liver Fasn expression. Leptin administration to mothers increased Igf1 and Dnmt3b expression in fetal liver, decreased post-weaning growth rate, and increased hypothalamic Crh expression in response to SFD in both sexes. Only in male offspring this administration decreased expression of Fasn and Gck in the mature liver, increased fat mass, blood levels of glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol and Dmnt3a expression in the fetal liver. The results suggest that the influence of maternal leptin on the expression of genes encoding growth factors and DNA methyltransferases in the fetal liver may mediate its programming effect on offspring metabolic phenotypes.
While protein synthesis is vital for the majority of cell types of the human body, diversely differentiated cells require specific translation regulation. This suggests the specialization of ...translation machinery across tissues and organs. Using transcriptomic data from GTEx, FANTOM, and Gene Atlas, we systematically explored the abundance of transcripts encoding translation factors and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSases) in human tissues. We revised a few known and identified several novel translation-related genes exhibiting strict tissue-specific expression. The proteins they encode include eEF1A1, eEF1A2, PABPC1L, PABPC3, eIF1B, eIF4E1B, eIF4ENIF1, and eIF5AL1. Furthermore, our analysis revealed a pervasive tissue-specific relative abundance of translation machinery components (e.g., PABP and eRF3 paralogs, eIF2B and eIF3 subunits, eIF5MPs, and some ARSases), suggesting presumptive variance in the composition of translation initiation, elongation, and termination complexes. These conclusions were largely confirmed by the analysis of proteomic data. Finally, we paid attention to sexual dimorphism in the repertoire of translation factors encoded in sex chromosomes (eIF1A, eIF2γ, and DDX3), and identified the testis and brain as organs with the most diverged expression of translation-associated genes.
Abstract
Using the method of computer simulation, the uncertainty of measurements of the thermal conductivity of silicon, which is often used as substrates, and also thin films based on bismuth, is ...estimated. The influence of the application of an additional dielectric layer between the thermoelectric film and the resistive heater on the measurement results is shown.
Selenophosphate synthetases use selenium and ATP to synthesize selenophosphate. This is required for biological utilization of selenium, most notably for the synthesis of the non-canonical amino acid ...selenocysteine (Sec). Therefore, selenophosphate synthetases underlie all functions of selenoproteins, which include redox homeostasis, protein quality control, hormone regulation, metabolism, and many others.
This protein family comprises two groups, SelD/SPS2 and SPS1. The SelD/SPS2 group represent true selenophosphate synthetases, enzymes central to selenium metabolism which are present in all Sec-utilizing organisms across the tree of life. Notably, many SelD/SPS2 proteins contain Sec as catalytic residue in their N-terminal flexible selenium-binding loop, while others replace it with cysteine (Cys).
The SPS1 group comprises proteins originated through gene duplications of SelD/SPS2 in metazoa in which the Sec/Cys-dependent catalysis was disrupted. SPS1 proteins do not synthesize selenophosphate and are not required for Sec synthesis. They have essential regulatory functions related to redox homeostasis and pyridoxal phosphate, which affect signaling pathways for growth and differentiation.
In this review, we summarize the knowledge about the selenophosphate synthetase family acquired through decades of research, encompassing their structure, mechanism, function, and evolution.
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•Selenophosphate synthetase SelD/SPS2 produces selenophosphate from selenium and ATP.•SelD/SPS2 is required for selenium utilization, including selenocysteine (Sec) synthesis.•SelD/SPS2 is unique in that it is both part of the Sec machinery and contains Sec.•SPS1 emerged in metazoa by SelD/SPS2 duplications concomitant to loss of catalytic activity.•SPS1 controls gene expression to regulate redox homeostasis and pyridoxal phosphate.
Biomedical engineering is the most promising field for the application of ferrogels as scaffolds for cell culturing in regenerative medicine, targeted drug delivery, and biosensorics. This study is ...focused on the contribution of ferric-oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to the biocompatibility of ferrogels with human dermal fibroblasts. The results of experiments with polyacrylamide gels filled with MNPs are presented. These experiments demonstrate that, regardless of the mechanical and electrical characteristics of ferrogels, MNPs have a significant effect on the biological activity of cells.
The dependences of the geometric characteristics of the melt bath on the scanning velocity and radiation power during laser metal deposition (LMD) are shown. The data were obtained experimentally at ...different values of the intensity Is up to 60 kW/cm2 in the range of changes in the specific energy per unit surface area Es (20...60) j/mm2 using the high-speed video camera installed in coaxial scheme. A powder (40...100) microns of PR-Kh18N9 austenitic steel with a mass flow rate of 8.4 g/min was used. It is found that the length of the melt pool L increases with the growth of Is and practically does not depend on the scanning velocity in the range (5...10) mm/s. The melt volume is estimated taking into account the measured track height. At the same velocity, the volume of the melt increases with the value of the Is exceeding the threshold. The value of threshold increases with increasing velocity. The volume of the melt increases with the specific energy Es. The relationship between the geometric characteristics of the melt bath and the shape of the track formed in the LMD process is shown.
Abstract
The surface roughness of the layer formed during laser metal deposition before and after laser remelting is determined. The single-layer objects are formed using austenitic stainless-steel ...powder at different technological parameters in the combined technology of laser metal deposition with layer-by-layer remelting. The improvement of the roughness after laser remelting is shown.
The thiouronium salts of chromeno4,3-
d
pyrimidine-2-thiones were isolated as individual diastereomers and characterized by
1
H,
13
C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data. Antibacterial and ...antifungal activity against sensitive strains of gram-negative (
E. coli
and
P. fluorescens
) and gram-positive bacteria (
S. aureus
), and
C. albicans
fungi was studied.
The paper reveals the modern specifics of the economy and plans for the development of infrastructure in Mongolia. The influence of anti-COVID restrictions on foreign trade is being studied. It is ...shown that the problems of export and raw material development and inland Mongolian isolation in the face of restrictions on crossing the border with China for vehicles were exacerbated by the poor development of the railway network. As a result of these restrictions, coal production and exports from Mongolia to China more than halved in 2020–2021. Together with the fall in coal prices in 2020 and the collapse in the services sector, this led to the deepest recession in the Mongolian economy since 1992. Plans for the development of international transport and energy corridors through Mongolia are being considered. Based on actual data, the insignificant role of Mongolia in the dynamically growing transit of container cargo in the direction of China–Europe–China is shown. The unsatisfactory condition of the Trans-Mongolian Railway and the absence of railways in a number of promising directions of freight flows prevent the full realization of the transit potential of Mongolian freight traffic. In connection with Russia’s reorientation of export flows to Asia, the Eastern Railway Corridor stands out as a promising corridor through Mongolia. A strategically significant initiative, which in the context of anti-Russian sanctions will seriously strengthen economic cooperation in the regional triangle Russia-Mongolia-China, is the plan to build a Soyuz-Vostok transit gas pipeline through Mongolia. This project will allow redirecting gas supplies from the West Siberian region of Russia, previously supplied to Europe, directly to the capital region of China. Mongolia is also interested in the implementation of this large-scale project, which seeks to obtain new opportunities for economic development. The implementation of these infrastructure development plans will allow Mongolia to not only take advantage of its location between Russia and China and strengthen the economic base for cooperation with them, but also, in general, lay the foundation for economic diversification and deeper integration into the global economic system.
In addition to exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, fullerene C60 is a promising wound healing agent. An important stage in the production of fullerene-based ointments is the ...stability of the aqueous fullerene dispersion (AFD) with minimum size of colloidal fullerene aggregates and sufficiently high concentration. To achieve these parameters tangential flow filtration of fullerene C60 was used (“green technology”).
As estimated by small-angle neutron scattering and dynamic light scattering purified AFDs with narrow-size distribution nanoclusters have a size of 6 nm and are assembled into agglomerates which reach a size of 150 nm.
The ability of the AFD to exhibit regenerative activity was studied using the animal wound model. This study shows for the first time that the fullerene-based composition stimulates the healing of wounds of various origins. We assume that the mechanism of the AFD wound-healing activity is associated with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and macrophages activity.
The aqueous dispersion of fullerene C60 (AFD)–based ointment demonstrated a high wound healing activity on animal model. AFD produced by diafiltration in the presence of the biocompatible nonionic stabilizer Pluronic F-127. As estimated by small-angle neutron scattering and dynamic light scattering, AFD contains nanoparticles (~6 nm) with narrow size distribution formed branched aggregates up to 150 nm. Display omitted
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