Diuron, simazine, and terbacil were applied together or separately in the field each May from 1981 through 1996. Weed control was over 90% in 1981 and 1982, but by 1984 weeds increased in plots ...treated with diuron and simazine. Weed abundance was relatively low from 1981 through 1996 in plots treated with terbacil. Broadleaf and grass species abundance was similar in most herbicide-treated plots from 1992 through 1996. Perennial species, particularly fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and ailanthus (Ailanthus altissima), dominated sites treated with diuron and simazine. The weed community changed within 3 yr of the implementation of the weed management program that relied solely on herbicides. A relatively stable weed community persisted from 1992 through 1996. Repeated use of the combined high rate of diuron and low rate of terbacil provided excellent weed control for 15 yr. Nomenclature: Diuron, N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea; simazine, 6-chloro-N,N′-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine; terbacil, 5-chloro-3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione; ailanthus, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. #3 AILAL; tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb. # FESAR. Additional index words: Fruit orchards, selection, weed shifts, cheat, poison ivy, johnsongrass, yellow foxtail.
Diuron, simazine, and terbacil were applied in field plots annually from 1981 to 1995. Soil was sampled at selected times after herbicide application in 1993, 1994, and 1995 to determine herbicide ...residue changes with time and soil depth. Diuron residues were found mainly in the upper 20 cm of soil; residue concentration decreased exponentially with time. Less than 1% of the initial concentration after application in summer was present the following spring. Terbacil residues were found in soil below the upper 20 cm. Terbacil degraded more slowly than diuron, and residues in spring were less than 30% the level of the previous summer. Simazine plus hydroxysimazine soil residues were present in all depths to 100 cm and were higher than diuron or terbacil at these depths. Simazine plus hydroxysimazine residues in spring were nearly 40% the level of the previous summer. With all three herbicides, soil residues were greatest in the upper 20 cm of soil during 2 to 3 wk following application. Data confirmed that diuron did not leach, whereas simazine can migrate through the soil. Terbacil migrated intermediately in depth relative to diuron and simazine. After 15 annual applications, herbicide residues were present but were not accumulating. Nomenclature: Diuron, N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea; simazine, 6-chloro-N,N′-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine; desethylsimazine, 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-amino-s-triazine; di-desethylsimazine, 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-s-triazine; hydroxysimazine, 2-hydroxy-4,6-bis(ethyl-amino)-s-triazine; terbacil, 5-chloro-3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Additional index words: Herbicide movement. Abbreviations: DAT, days after herbicide treatment; GC-MS, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; HPLC-PDA, high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector; MS, mass spectrometry; ODS, octadecyl silane; SFE, supercritical fluid extraction.
The butoxyethyl ester of triclopyr {(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy acetic acid} was more effective than either the triethylamine salt formulation or an equivalent combined rate of the butoxyethyl ...esters of triclopyr plus 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (1:2, w/w) for the control of Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. # PRTQU. Carrier volume did not affect^{4}{\rm C}\text{-triclopyr}$absorption and distribution, but control generally was greater after high carrier-volume application (281 L/ha) because the dense Virginia creeper canopy was thoroughly penetrated. In orchards, Virginia creeper was controlled by triclopyr ester at 0.6 kg ae/ha through the second season after treatment if foliage was covered thoroughly.
A method for thinning fruit blossoms involving applying an effective amount of a blossom thinning composition to the blossoms and associated living tissue (e.g., nearby buds and leaves) of fruit ...bearing plants (e.g., fruit trees), the blossom thinning composition comprising eugenol as an active ingredient for the purpose of blossom thinning.
This chapter considers individual system management components (orchard floor preparation before planting; weed effects; weed management; orchard floor management effects on insects and small ...mammals; management of ground covers, row middles and drive alleys; and ground cover interactions with irrigation and fertilizer application), their integration, and their influences on the management of a peach orchard floor (soil and understorey vegetation of an orchard ecosystem). Management systems (year-round vegetation-free orchard floor, vegetation-free tree rows with vegetated drive alleys, and permanent vegetation management by mowing) are discussed.
Monitoring safety outcomes following COVID-19 vaccination is critical for understanding vaccine safety especially when used in key populations such as elderly persons age 65 years and older who can ...benefit greatly from vaccination. We present new findings from a nationally representative early warning system that may expand the safety knowledge base to further public trust and inform decision making on vaccine safety by government agencies, healthcare providers, interested stakeholders, and the public.
We evaluated 14 outcomes of interest following COVID-19 vaccination using the US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) data covering 30,712,101 elderly persons. The CMS data from December 11, 2020 through Jan 15, 2022 included 17,411,342 COVID-19 vaccinees who received a total of 34,639,937 doses. We conducted weekly sequential testing and generated rate ratios (RR) of observed outcome rates compared to historical (or expected) rates prior to COVID-19 vaccination.
Four outcomes met the threshold for a statistical signal following BNT162b2 vaccination including pulmonary embolism (PE; RR = 1.54), acute myocardial infarction (AMI; RR = 1.42), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC; RR = 1.91), and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP; RR = 1.44). After further evaluation, only the RR for PE still met the statistical threshold for a signal; however, the RRs for AMI, DIC, and ITP no longer did. No statistical signals were identified following vaccination with either the mRNA-1273 or Ad26 COV2.S vaccines.
This early warning system is the first to identify temporal associations for PE, AMI, DIC, and ITP following BNT162b2 vaccination in the elderly. Because an early warning system does not prove that the vaccines cause these outcomes, more robust epidemiologic studies with adjustment for confounding, including age and nursing home residency, are underway to further evaluate these signals. FDA strongly believes the potential benefits of COVID-19 vaccination outweigh the potential risks of COVID-19 infection.
•Assessed background incidence rate of 17 AESI in 6 administrative claims databases.•Background rates varied by database and demographic characteristics.•Rates of most AESI increased with age and ...were higher among males.•AMI (Medicare) and anaphylaxis (all databases) rates showed seasonality.•AESI rates fluctuated in 2020, but most returned to 2019 levels after May 2020.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Biologics Effectiveness and Safety (BEST) Initiative conducts active surveillance of adverse events of special interest (AESI) after COVID-19 vaccination. Historical incidence rates (IRs) of AESI are comparators to evaluate safety.
We estimated IRs of 17 AESI in six administrative claims databases from January 1, 2019, to December 11, 2020: Medicare claims for adults ≥ 65 years and commercial claims (Blue Health Intelligence®, CVS Health, HealthCore Integrated Research Database, IBM® MarketScan® Commercial Database, Optum pre-adjudicated claims) for adults < 65 years. IRs were estimated by sex, age, race/ethnicity (Medicare), and nursing home residency (Medicare) in 2019 and for specific periods in 2020.
The study included >100 million enrollees annually. In 2019, rates of most AESI increased with age. However, compared with commercially insured adults, Medicare enrollees had lower IRs of anaphylaxis (11 vs 12–19 per 100,000 person-years), appendicitis (80 vs 117–155), and narcolepsy (38 vs 41–53). Rates were higher in males than females for most AESI across databases and varied by race/ethnicity and nursing home status (Medicare). Acute myocardial infarction (Medicare) and anaphylaxis (all databases) IRs varied by season. IRs of most AESI were lower during March–May 2020 compared with March–May 2019 but returned to pre-pandemic levels after May 2020. However, rates of Bell’s palsy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, narcolepsy, and hemorrhagic/non-hemorrhagic stroke remained lower in multiple databases after May 2020, whereas some AESI (e.g., disseminated intravascular coagulation) exhibited higher rates after May 2020 compared with 2019.
AESI background rates varied by database and demographics and fluctuated in March–December 2020, but most returned to pre-pandemic levels after May 2020. It is critical to standardize demographics and consider seasonal and other trends when comparing historical rates with post-vaccination AESI rates in the same database to evaluate COVID-19 vaccine safety.
