Exosomes are endosomal-derived vesicles, playing a major role in cell-to-cell communication. Multiple cells secret these vesicles to induce and inhibit different cellular and molecular pathways. ...Cancer-derived exosomes have been shown to affect development of cancer in different stages and contribute to the recruitment and reprogramming of both proximal and distal tissues. The growing interest in defining the clinical relevance of these nano-sized particles in cancers, has led to the identification of either tissue- or disease-specific exosomal contents, such as nucleic acids, proteins and lipids as a source of new biomarkers which propose the diagnostic potentials of exosomes in early detection of cancers. In this review, we have discussed some aspects of exosomes including their contents, applications and isolation techniques in the field of early cancer detection. Although, exosomes are considered as ideal biomarkers in cancer diagnosis, due to their unique characteristics, there is still a long way in the development of exosome-based assays.
•Exosomes are endosomal-derived vesicles, playing a major role in cell-to-cell communication.•Exosomes are considered as ideal biomarkers in cancer diagnosis, due to their unique characteristics.•In this review, we have discussed some aspects of exosomes including their contents, applications and isolation techniques in the field of early cancer detection.
Abstract In this study, we reported epirubicin (Epi) encapsulated nanoparticles (NPs) formulated with biocompatible and biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) modified with chitosan (CS) ...through a physical adsorption method. Using chitosan, the solubility and surface charge of PLGA was modified to make efficient drug carriers for cancer cells. To improve the anti-tumor efficacy, we developed targeted therapy of tumor cells using a 5TR1 DNA aptamer (Apt) against the MUC1 receptor. To prove the MUC1 receptor-mediated uptake of Epi-PLGA-CS-Apt NPs in the cells, competition experiments were carried out. In vitro experiments, cytotoxicity assay and fluorescence uptake assay demonstrated that fabricated NPs with or without aptamers showed significantly high therapeutic efficiency in MCF7 cells (breast cancer cell) compared with free Epi, while in BALB/c mice bearing C26 cells (murine colon carcinoma cell), targeted NP groups exhibited significant tumor growth inhibition and higher inclination to tumor compared with non-targeted NPs. Hence, our in vivo results revealed that non-targeted NPs may diffuse away from the tumor site and release Epi in the extracellular space and decrease concentration of the drug in the targeted tissue. This study indicated Epi-PLGA-CS-Apt has great potential as a promising nanoplatform for in vivo cancer therapy and could be of great value in medical use.
Aptasensors are promising biosensors with prominent recognition capabilities. They have fascinated a lot of attention among scholars, due to the excellent characteristics of aptamers in combination ...with the use of nanostructures and new interface materials. The high sensitivity and selectivity of such platforms provide a promising view in food analysis.
The uncontrolled usage of antibiotics, such as tetracyclines (TCs), results in the accumulation of antibiotics in food products. The traditional analytical method for detection of antimicrobial residues in food products is liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric detection. Today, simple, sensitive and rapid schemes are needed for an on-site screening analysis. However, the routine techniques for TCs detection are not designed for this purpose. This review summarizes electrochemical and optical tetracycline aptasensors in food and buffer samples with focusing on modern methods and recent advances on aptamer-based tetracycline detection methods.
Here, we discussed several optical and electrochemical transduction systems and their principles in aptasensor-based tetracycline detection for the first time and we focused on modern methods and recent advances. Although an optical biosensor will always have the advantage of being easier to operate with inexpensive instrument, but electrochemical aptasensors offer higher sensitivity, repeatability and accuracy. Finally, we address current challenges and future directions.
•Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics.•The use of tetracyclines in farming results in their accumulation in food products.•High sensitivity and simple fabrication are the main characteristics of aptasensors.•We have summarized optical and electrochemical tetracycline aptasensors.
Nucleolin or C23, is one of the most abundant non-ribosomal phosphoproteins of nucleolus. However, in several cancers, nucleolin is highly expressed both intracellularly and on the cell surface. So, ...it is considered as a potential target for the diagnosis and cancer therapy.
Targeting nucleolin by compounds such as AS1411 aptamer can reduce tumor cell growth. In this regard, interest has increased in nucleolin as a molecular target for overcoming cancer therapy challenges. This review paper addressed recent progresses in nucleolin targeting by the G-rich AS1411 aptamer in the field of cancer therapy mainly over the past three years.
•Nucleolin is highly expressed both intracellularly and on the cell surface.•It is considered as a potential target for the cancer diagnosis and therapy.•AS1411 a 26-mer DNA aptamer that binds nucleolin.•This review paper addressed recent progresses in nucleolin targeting by the AS1411.
In the current study, resveratrol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles targeted with folate were developed in order to protect resveratrol from fast degradation, modify its pharmacokinetics and increase its ...intestinal permeation. Then, the therapeutic efficacy of the prepared system was evaluated in suppression of colon inflammation on TNBS-induced colitis model.
In this regard, resveratrol was encapsulated in PLGA and FA-conjugated PLGA in order to prepare non-targeted (PLGA-RSV) and targeted (PLGA-FA-RSV) platforms, respectively.
Obtained results demonstrated that the prepared formulations encapsulated the resveratrol with high encapsulation efficiency of 90.7% ± 5.1% for PLGA-RSV and 59.1% ± 3.3% for PLGA-FA-RSV. In vitro release experiment showed that the prepared formulations were capable of retaining good amount of resveratrol under the simulated gastric condition (HCl 0.1 N, pH 1.2), while significant amount of resveratrol was released under simulated intestinal condition (PBS, pH 7.4). The trans-well permeability rates through Caco-2 monolayer during 180 min, was determined to be 4.5%, 61% and 99% for resveratrol, PLGA-RSV and PLGA-FA-RSV respectively. The pathological analysis of the rat intestinal sections (hematoxylin & eosin staining) at 7th day post-TNBS colonic inflammation induction illustrated that the oral administrations of FA-PLGA-RSV and PLGA-RSV were able to significantly inhibit the inflammation and reduce neutrophil and lymphocytes accumulation. It is worth noting that the folate-targeted system demonstrated highest efficacy in suppressing colon inflammation.
It could be concluded that the encapsulation of resveratrol into biodegradable folate-targeted PLGA nanoparticles could introduce a potent platform in suppressing colonic inflammation thus offering a great capability for clinical translation.
•Resveratrol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles targeted with folic acid was developed.•The formulation protected resveratrol under the simulated gastric condition.•Significant amount of resveratrol was released under simulated intestinal condition.•Trans-well permeability rates during 180 min, was determined to be 99%.•Oral administrations of the formulation showed good efficacy against colitis in rat.
Chemotherapy is a commonly used cancer treatment strategy that causes severe side effects by damaging normal tissue. Therefore, targeted drug delivery systems have attracted great attention for the ...treatment of cancer in recent years. In this study, epirubicin (EPI)-loaded-NAS-24-functionalized PEI-PEG-5TR1 aptamer coated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), known as the ENPPASe complex, were developed and used for targeted delivery of both EPI (anticancer drug) and NAS-24 aptamer (apoptosis induction agent) to MCF7 (human breast carcinoma cell) and C26 (murine colon carcinoma cell) cancer cells using 5TR1 aptamer as the target agent. The ENPPASe complex could significantly reduce the toxicity in non-target cells (HEPG2, hepatocellular carcinoma cell). As with the EPI alone, the ENPPASe complex could significantly reduce cell viability in the target cancer cells (MCF-7 and C26). In addition, the complex significantly reduced the tumor growth in cancer-bearing mice compared to EPI treatment alone.
•Epirubicin (Epi)-loaded-NAS-24-functionalized PEI-PEG-5TR1 aptamer coated Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) called ENPPASe complex was developed.•ENPPASe complex was used for targeted delivery of both epirubicin (anticancer drug) and NAS-24 aptamer (apoptosis induction agent) to MCF7 (human breast carcinoma cell) and C26 (murine colon carcinoma cell) cancer cells.•Both fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry analysis techniques showed good internalization of ENPPASe complex into target cancer cells.•The ENPPASe complex could significantly reduce the toxicity in non-target cells (HEPG2, hepatocellular carcinoma cell).•The ENPPASe complex could significantly reduce the tumor growth in cancer bearing mice compared to Epi treatment.
Herein, a novel turn-off fluorescent aptasensor was developed for selective detection of ampicillin (AMP) at picomolar level based on 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid diimide (PTCDI) as an ...affordable and low-cost fluorophore. This aptasensor was designed using aptamer, its complementary strand (CS) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The principle of the sensing method is a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of PTCDI in the presence of free CS. Following the addition of AMP, Aptamer/CS-modified AuNPs releases CS and so, the fluorescence intensity of PTCDI is reduced. The designed analytical method indicated a good linear range from 100 pM to 1000 pM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 29.2 pM was obtained. Furthermore, the sensing strategy indicated satisfactory results for the detection of AMP in the spiked human serum samples. By changing the sequences of aptamer and its CS, the presented analytical approach can be easily applied for detection of other antibiotics.
•A new turn-off fluorescent aptasensor is presented for detection of ampicillin (AMP) at picopmolar level.•The aptasensor is based on PTCDI as an affordable and cheap fluorophore and AuNPs as precipitating agent in centrifugation process.•Simplicity, low-cost and high sensitivity are great advantages of the developed aptasensor.•The detection limit of sensing approach was 29.2 pM for AMP.•The sensing strategy indicated satisfactory results for the detection of AMP in serum samples.
•Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, broadly used in human and veterinary for treatment of Gram-negative and Gram-positive infectious diseases.•Overdosage of kanamycin could cause the serious ...side effects on human such as nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.•In this study, we developed a novel selective and sensitive fluorescent aptasensor for detection of kanamycin based on Exonuclease III and Gold nanoparticles with minimum consumption of aptamer for the first time.•The designed aptasensor showed high selectivity toward aminoglycoside antibiotics, including kanamycin and gentamicin, with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 437pM for kanamycin.•The designed aptasensor was successfully used to detect kanamycin in serum and milk.
Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used in human and veterinary medicine. Sensitive and selective methods to detect kanamycin residues for food safety and clinical diagnosis are of great interest. In this study a fluorescent aptasensor was designed to detect kanamycin based on exonuclease III activity (Exo III), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and FAM-Labeled complimentary strand of aptamer (CS).
In the absence of kanamycin, aptamer binds to its CS to form a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with 3′-overhang end at aptamer and 3′-blunt end at CS. The formed dsDNA leaves the surface of AuNPs. Upon addition of Exo III, aptamer is recycled from dsDNA and the cycle goes on, leading to a very strong fluorescence emission. In the presence of kanamycin, aptamer binds to its target and CS remains on the surface of AuNPs, resulting in a weak fluorescence emission.
The designed aptasensor showed high selectivity toward aminoglycoside antibiotics, including kanamycin and gentamicin, with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 321pM for kanamycin.
This aptasensor was successfully used to detect kanamycin in milk and serum.
Safety of food is of great concern these days due to various contaminations including toxins, infectious agents and chemical contaminants. Therefore, there is a need to develop promising and user's ...friendly method to monitor food safety. Lateral flow tests are new, simple and rapid alternative for detection of food-borne pathogens compared with traditional methods. In this review article, we surveyed application of lateral flow biosensors in detection of different food contaminants and labels used to enhance the efficiency of the system. Finally, the unique feature of multi-parametric analysis of analytes by lateral flow device has been reported, proving a lateral flow system is able to be designed in a way to detect multiple targets, simultaneously.
•Safety of food is of great concern these days due to natural contaminations.•Lateral flow tests are new, simple and rapid alternative for detection of toxins.•We surveyed application of lateral flow biosensors in detection of different food contaminants.•The strategies to increase the sensitivity of the assays have been discussed.•The unique feature of multi-parametric analysis of analytes has been reported.
Silica hybrid materials play an important role in improvement of novel progressive functional nanomaterials. Study in silica hybrid functional materials is supported by growing interest in providing ...intelligent materials that combine best of the inorganic silica structure along with organic or biological realms.
Hybrid silica materials do not only provide fantastic opportunities for the design of novel materials for research but their represented unique properties open versatile applications specifically in nanomedicine since it was recognized by US FDA as a safe material for human trials.
By combining various materials with different characteristics along with silica NPs as building blocks, silica-based hybrid vehicles were developed. In this regard, silica-based hybrid materials have shown great capabilities as unique carriers for bioimaging and/or drug delivery purposes.
In the aforementioned hybrid systems, silica was preferred as a main building block of the hybrid structure, which is easily functionalized with different materials, bio-molecules and targeting ligands while providing biocompatibility for the system.
This review will cover a full description of different hybrids of silica nanoparticles including silica-polymer, silica-protein, silica-peptide, silica-nucleic acid, silica-gold, silica-quantum dot, and silica-magnetic nanoparticles and their applications as therapeutic or imaging systems.
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