In this study, we evaluated and compared the pulse shape discrimination (PSD) performance of a typical photomultiplier tube (PMT) with that of multipixel photon counters (MPPCs), also known as ...silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). We used CsI(Tl) scintillators for both setups and mainly evaluated the PSD performance in the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\alpha </tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\beta </tex-math></inline-formula> separation. We used the charge comparison method, that is, identifying the particle type based on the ratio of the charges collected in two time gates: Short gate (SG) for the delayed part and long gate (LG) for the entire digitized waveform. With the same LG = 2250 ns, the PMT setup showed a better PSD performance with the figure of merit (FOM) being 3.33 (in <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\alpha </tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\beta </tex-math></inline-formula> separation), whereas the FOM of the MPPC setup was 2.26. This inferior performance of the MPPC setup was due to its slow response, mainly the slow decay time in the waveform of one photoelectron (p.e.) of the MPPCs. This study aimed to determine the relationships of the PSD performance with the number of p.e. collected and the time characteristics of the scintillator-photosensor coupling. From these relationships, we estimated the SG to obtain <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text {FOM}_{\text {max}} </tex-math></inline-formula> and afterward confirmed a method to further increase the PSD performance. The estimated SG gave a comparable FOM without an extensive search for the optimized SG for obtaining the actual <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text {FOM}_{\text {max}} </tex-math></inline-formula> in analysis. To further increase the PSD performance of the MPPC setup, we used a new data acquisition (DAQ) system and extended the LG to 8000 ns to collect more p.e. and mitigate the slow response of the MPPCs. Using the new DAQ system, we obtained an FOM of 3.91 for the MPPC setup, that is, an increase by a factor of 1.7.
Summary Objective Development of the knee joint was morphologically investigated, and the process of cavitation was analyzed by using episcopic fluorescence image capture (EFIC) to create spatial and ...temporal three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions. Methods Knee joints of Wister rat embryos between embryonic day (E)14 and E20 were investigated. Samples were sectioned and visualized using an EFIC. Then, two-dimensional image stacks were reconstructed using OsiriX software, and 3D reconstructions were generated using Amira software. Results Cavitations of the knee joint were constructed from five divided portions. Cavity formation initiated at multiple sites at E17; among them, the femoropatellar cavity (FPC) was the first. Cavitations of the medial side preceded those of the lateral side. Each cavity connected at E20 when cavitations around the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) were completed. Conclusion Cavity formation initiated from six portions. In each portion, development proceeded asymmetrically. These results concerning anatomical development of the knee joint using EFIC contribute to a better understanding of the structural feature of the knee joint.
The relationship between TDDB characteristics of the devices having ultrathin SiO 2 as gate dielectrics and the hydrogen-related trap creation have been re-investigated from the viewpoint of the ...oxidation process dependence. In order to study the influence of hydrogen on the reliability, deuterium isotope effect has been used. As a result, the Weibull distributions of time-to-breakdown (tBD) depends on the oxidation process condition even under the same oxidation temperature. Trap creation at gate oxide interface strongly correlates to the dielectric breakdown in ultra-thin gate oxides However, this oxidation process dependence could not be explained only by the amount of hydrogen release from SiO 2 /Si substrate interface From the experimental results of low-voltage SILC, it can be concluded that not only the released hydrogen from SiO 2 /Si substrate interface but also those from Poly-Si/SiO 2 interface correlates to the breakdown mechanisms.
We have investigated the implantation fluence dependence of the local atomic structure around arsenic (As) dopant atoms in low-energy (10keV) implanted crystalline silicon by extended X-ray ...absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy performed using a high-brilliance synchrotron radiation beam from an in-vacuum undulator in a third-generation light source. To obtain complementary information on the structural properties, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-XTEM) and nanobeam electron diffraction (NBED) measurements were also performed. We present the first observation of the initial stages of lattice disorder in As-implanted Si.
Mariner-like elements (MLEs) were isolated from Chinese, Korean and Japanese individuals of Bombyx mandarina by the long PCR methods using the inverted terminal repeat of the Hyalophora cecropia MLE ...as a primer. The amplified clones of about 1.3 kbp in size were regarded to be full-length MLEs and termed Cecropia-ITR-MLEs. The sequences of the elements were determined, trimmed to eliminate any insertions and used to construct a phylogenetic tree. As a result, the Cecropia-ITR-MLE sequences of B. mandarina could be divided into major groups here called the Continental type and the Japanese type. Chinese and Korean specimens mostly belonged to the former group, which is very diverse and may well consist of subgroups. A majority of Honshu (the main island of Japan) specimens belonged to the latter, which is a much more closely related group of sequences. Interestingly, Tsushima (south of Korea) and Hokkaido (close to Russia) specimens mainly fell into the former type, whereas Fukuoka (south of Tsushima) individuals included both.
PDF
