Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using metal complexes Yamazaki, Yasuomi; Takeda, Hiroyuki; Ishitani, Osamu
Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. C, Photochemistry reviews,
12/2015, Letnik:
25
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•Review on photocatalytic systems for CO2 reduction using metal complexes.•Mixed systems, supramolecular photocatalysts, and hybrid systems with inorganic materials.•Systematical classification of ...the systems based on roles of each component.•Detailed features and abilities of the photocatalytic systems.
Developing photocatalytic systems for CO2 reduction will provide useful and energy-rich compounds and would be one of the most important focuses in the field of “artificial photosynthesis” and “solar fuels”. Such studies have been conducted in the past three decades from the perspective of basic science and for solving the shortage of fossil resources, which include both energy and carbon sources. More recently, focus has been placed on the mitigation of global warming through the reduction of atmospheric CO2. This review summarizes the enormous body of reported literature in this field, particularly studies that describe photocatalytic systems that use transition metal complexes as key players, i.e., as catalysts (Cat) and/or photosensitizers (PS). In addition, we briefly describe the evaluation of various photocatalytic systems, especially the performance of reductants (D) and solvents. Furthermore, we analyze the types of photocatalytic systems and classify each component in these systems according to their role: (1) PS, (2) Cat for CO2 reduction catalysts, and (3) D. Briefly, we summarize the important features of each component and provide typical examples. The next section discusses the photocatalytic abilities of each of the three categories of photocatalytic systems: multicomponent systems comprising PS and Cat, supramolecular photocatalysts comprising a multinuclear complex, and hybrid systems constructed with metal-complex photocatalysts and inorganic materials, such as semiconductors or electrodes.
Electrochemical and photochemical reduction of CO2, or a smart combination of both, are appealing approaches for the storage of renewable, intermittent energies and may lead to the production of ...fuels and of value-added chemicals. By using only earth-abundant metal (Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe) complexes, cheap electrodes and/or cheap sacrificial electron donors and visible light sensitizers, systems functioning with molecular catalysts have been recently designed, showing promising results, in particular, for the two-electron reduction of the carbon dioxide. By combining experimental and mechanistic studies, key parameters controlling the catalysis efficiency have been deciphered, opening the way to the design of future, more efficient and durable catalysts, as well as to the development of electrochemical or photoelectrochemical cells, all being key steps for the emergence of applied devices. The most recent advances related to these issues are discussed in this review.
Herpesviruses are a large family of DNA viruses infecting vertebrates and invertebrates, and are important pathogens in the field of aquaculture. In general, herpesviruses do not have the ability to ...integrate into the host genomes since they do not have a chromosomal integration step in their life cycles. Recently, we identified a novel group of herpesviruses, "
" and its related elements, in the genomes of various teleost fish species. At least some of the
-like herpesviruses are fused with a
-like DNA transposon, suggesting that they have acquired the transposon-like intragenomic lifestyle by hijacking the transposon system. In this review, we describe the sequence characteristics of
-like herpesviruses and phylogenetic relationships with other herpesviruses. Then we discuss the process of transposon-herpesvirus fusion, their life cycle, and the generality of transposon-virus fusion.
-like herpesviruses provide a piece of concrete evidence that even non-retroviral elements can become intragenomic parasites retaining replication capacity, by acquiring transposition machinery from other sources.
Although several vertebrate genomes have been sequenced, little is known about the genome evolution of early vertebrates and how large-scale genomic changes such as the two rounds of whole-genome ...duplications (2R WGD) affected evolutionary complexity and novelty in vertebrates. Reconstructing the ancestral vertebrate genome is highly nontrivial because of the difficulty in identifying traces originating from the 2R WGD. To resolve this problem, we developed a novel method capable of pinning down remains of the 2R WGD in the human and medaka fish genomes using invertebrate tunicate and sea urchin genes to define ohnologs, i.e., paralogs produced by the 2R WGD. We validated the reconstruction using the chicken genome, which was not considered in the reconstruction step, and observed that many ancestral proto-chromosomes were retained in the chicken genome and had one-to-one correspondence to chicken microchromosomes, thereby confirming the reconstructed ancestral genomes. Our reconstruction revealed a contrast between the slow karyotype evolution after the second WGD and the rapid, lineage-specific genome reorganizations that occurred in the ancestral lineages of major taxonomic groups such as teleost fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and marsupials.
Human death domain superfamily proteins (DDSPs) play important roles in many signaling pathways involved in cell death and inflammation. Disruption or constitutive activation of these DDSP ...interactions due to inherited gene mutations is closely related to immunodeficiency and/or autoinflammatory diseases; however, responsible gene mutations have not been found in phenotypical diagnosis of these diseases. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the interactions of death-fold domains to explore the signaling network mediated by human DDSPs. We obtained 116 domains of DDSPs and conducted a domain-domain interaction assay of 13,924 reactions in duplicate using amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay. The data were mostly consistent with previously reported interactions. We also found new possible interactions, including an interaction between the caspase recruitment domain (CARD) of CARD10 and the tandem CARD-CARD domain of NOD2, which was confirmed by reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation. This study enables prediction of the interaction network of human DDSPs, sheds light on pathogenic mechanisms, and will facilitate identification of drug targets for treatment of immunodeficiency and autoinflammatory diseases.
Construction of motile cilia/flagella requires cytoplasmic preassembly of axonemal dyneins before transport into cilia. Axonemal dyneins have various subtypes, but the roles of each dynein subtype ...and their assembly processes remain elusive in vertebrates. The PIH protein family, consisting of four members, has been implicated in the assembly of different dynein subtypes, although evidence for this idea is sparse. Here, we established zebrafish mutants of all four PIH-protein genes:
,
,
, and
, and analyzed the structures of axonemal dyneins in mutant spermatozoa by cryo-electron tomography. Mutations caused the loss of specific dynein subtypes, which was correlated with abnormal sperm motility. We also found organ-specific compositions of dynein subtypes, which could explain the severe motility defects of mutant Kupffer's vesicle cilia. Our data demonstrate that all vertebrate PIH proteins are differently required for cilia/flagella motions and the assembly of axonemal dyneins, assigning specific dynein subtypes to each PIH protein.
In this study, we examined determinant factors associated with the residential consumption and perception of savings of electricity and city gas; this was based on data collected from a large-scale ...questionnaire sent to households in Suita, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, in two different years: 2009 and 2013. We applied an ordered logit model to determine the overall trend of the determinant factors, and then we performed a more detailed analysis in order to understand the reasons why the determinant factors changed between the two periods. Results from the ordered logit model reveal that electricity and gas consumption was primarily determined by such factors as household income, number of family members, the number of home appliances, and the perceptions of energy savings; there was not much difference between the two years, although in 2013, household income did not affect the perception of energy savings. Detailed analysis demonstrated that households with high energy consumption and those with moderate consumption are becoming polarized and that there was a growing gap between consumption behavior and the perception of conservation. The implications derived from the analyses provide an essential insight into the design of a municipal policy to induce lifestyle changes for an energy-saving society.
•Questionnaire was conducted to households in two years for time-series analysis.•We analyzed residential energy consumption and perception of savings in households.•Determinant factors for consumption and perception of savings were identified.•Households being wasteful of energy are also found willing to cut consumption.•Policy intervention could affect consumption pattern and perception of savings.
mutations constitute an important poor prognostic factor in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and the development of treatments in this context is of great necessity to prolong patient survival. ...Although the association between
mutations and microsatellite instability (MSI) has been known for several years, previous clinical trials have revealed that the former has a limited prognostic impact and that immune checkpoint inhibitors offer a significant survival benefit to mCRC patients with both characteristics. Furthermore, the genomic classification of
mutations according to their molecular functions enables greater understanding of the characteristics of mCRC patients with
mutations, with therapeutic strategies based on this classification made more ideal to improve poor prognosis through the delivery of targeted therapies. Recently, a phase III trial was conducted in previously treated mCRC patients with
V600E-mutated tumors and revealed that the combination therapy approach of
inhibition and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody therapy with or without MEK inhibition was more efficacious than standard chemotherapy alone. This review discusses current treatment strategies and future perspectives in
-mutated mCRC.
Increased glucose metabolism is now recognized as an emerging hallmark of cancer. Recent studies have shown that glucose metabolism is even more active in cancer stem cells (CSCs), a rare population ...of cancer cells with the capacity to self-renew and initiate tumors, and that CSCs are dependent on glycolysis for their survival/growth. However, the role of glucose metabolism in the control of their self-renewal and tumor-initiating capacity per se still remains obscure. Moreover, much remains unknown as to which of the numerous molecules involved in the glucose metabolism is suitable as a target to control CSCs. Here we demonstrate that the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT1 is essential for the maintenance of pancreatic, ovarian, and glioblastoma CSCs. Notably, we found that WZB117, a specific GLUT1 inhibitor, could inhibit the self-renewal and tumor-initiating capacity of the CSCs without compromising their proliferative potential in vitro. In vivo, systemic WZB117 administration inhibited tumor initiation after implantation of CSCs without causing significant adverse events in host animals. Our findings indicate GLUT1-dependent glucose metabolism has a pivotal role not only in the growth and survival of CSCs but also in the maintenance of their stemness and suggest GLUT1 as a promising target for CSC-directed cancer therapy.
To investigate prognostic factors for visual improvement in patients undergoing vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane (ERM) using spectral domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT).
Prospective ...cohort study.
A total of 41 eyes of 38 patients.
A total of 41 eyes of 38 patients with idiopathic ERM underwent ERM resection. Ophthalmic evaluations included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and OCT parameters before and 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. Correlations between OCT parameters and BCVA were assessed at each time point. Correlations between postoperative BCVA and preoperative factors were evaluated, including age, preoperative BCVA, photoreceptor outer segment (PROS) length, central foveal thickness (CFT), outer foveal thickness (OFT), and outer nuclear layer thickness (ONLT). The factors influencing postoperative BCVA were evaluated using multiple regression analysis.
The BCVA at 6 months postoperatively.
The PROS length had the most significant correlation with BCVA at each time point (baseline: P = 0.0098, r = -0.409; 1 month: P = 0.0002, r = -0.586; 3 months: P < 0.0001, r = -0.642; 6 months: P = 0.0002, r = -0.577). The PROS length 1 month postoperatively was significantly decreased compared with that preoperatively (P = 0.0325), and the PROS length at 3 months recovered to the baseline length. Preoperative BCVA and PROS length were significantly correlated with postoperative BCVA at 6 months (P = 0.0055, r = 0.439 and P = 0.0089, r = -0.414, respectively). Other parameters, including age, CFT, OFT, and ONLT, were not significantly correlated with postoperative BCVA. Multiple regression analysis showed that preoperative PROS length yielded the highest regression coefficient with postoperative BCVA (P = 0.0363, standard regression coefficient = -0.335, overall R(2) = 0.289).
Imaging of PROS length with SD-OCT was found to be a good indicator of BCVA at each time point after surgery and a predictor of postoperative BCVA in patients with idiopathic ERM. The PROS length changes after surgery may indicate surgical injury and restoration of the macular outer layer.
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