The paper compiles a catch history of Japanese eels
Anguilla japonica
in East Asia and some Japanese relative abundance series. Maximum likelihood estimates of stock abundance of eels have been ...obtained using the abundance series and various biological parameters, such as growth, maturity and natural mortality. Age- and sex-structured models have been used to express the dynamics of stock abundance, and the Beverton and Holt model has been used to express the relationship between stock and recruitment. Data for estimations are standardized catch per unit effort of commercial fishery for exploitable stock (1954–2006 and 1968–2008) and for glass eel (1954–2010, 1972–2004, and 1973–1997). From the results of the base case scenario of estimations, the estimated stock size of individuals aged ≥1 year was 18.7 thousand tons in 2010, which was 24 % of the carrying capacity. The estimated stock size has recovered since 1990. Maximum sustainable yield was 4,180 tons if only the exploitable stock were utilized, and 266 tons if only the glass eel were utilized. These results and issues relating to estimation and management for reducing the fishery impact on stock are discussed.
Background
Cold snare polypectomy (CSP) has not undergone sufficient histopathological evaluation. This study aimed to clarify the histopathological features of CSP specimens, including resection ...depth and layer, as compared with endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR).
Methods
Polyps were recruited retrospectively. Sessile, semi-pedunculated, and 0-IIa polyps of ≤ 9 mm were selected by propensity score matching and classified as either a complete resection or one with an unevaluable/positive (X/+) margin. Resection depth and layer were estimated and the risk factors for an X/+ margin were evaluated.
Results
A total of 1072 polyps were enrolled. After matching, 184 polyp pairs were selected. An X/+ margin was seen in 105/184 (57%) vs. 70/184 (38%) CSP vs. EMR specimens (
p
< 0.001): specimen damage was 53/184 (29%) vs. 30/184 (16%) (
p
< 0.01) and vertical margin (VM) X/+ was 11/184 (6%) vs. 2/184 (1%) (
p
< 0.05). Among 193 completely resected specimens, resection depth from the muscularis mucosae in CSP vs. EMR was 76 vs. 338 µm (
p
< 0.001) and resection layer was the submucosa in 7/79 (9%) vs. 105/114 (92%) (
p
< 0.001). In multivariate analysis, CSP was a risk factor for procedure-associated VMX/+ odds ratio (OR) 6.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33–34.69,
p
< 0.05. Sessile serrated adenoma/polyp (SSA/P) was a risk factor for VMX/+ margin in CSP specimens (OR 58.36, 95% CI 7.45–456.96,
p
< 0.001).
Conclusions
SSA/P and colorectal cancer may not be suitable for CSP adoption.
As of 31 December 2017, a total of 9242 liver transplants have been carried out in 67 institutions in Japan. There were 447 deceased donor transplants (444 from heart‐beating donors and 3 from ...non‐heart‐beating donors) and 8795 living‐donor transplants. The annual total of liver transplants in 2017 was 416 (69 deceased donor transplants and 347 living‐donor transplants). The most frequent indication was cholestatic disease, followed by neoplastic disease and hepatocellular disease. In terms of hepatocellular disease in 2017, cirrhosis due to hepatitis C and B decreased (13 and 8, respectively), whereas alcoholic cirrhosis markedly increased (32). Patient survival following transplantation from heart‐beating donor (444 transplants: 1 year, 89.1%; 3 years, 85.2%; 5 years, 82.9%; 10 years, 75.4%; 15 years, 70.7%) was similar to that from living‐donor (8794 transplants: 1 year, 85.0%; 3 years, 80.9%; 5 years, 78.5%; 10 years, 73.2%; 15 years, 68.5%; 20 years, 65.7%; 25 years, 64.6%). Graft survival was very much the same as patient survival (heart‐beating donor: 1 year, 88.4%; 3 years, 84.5%; 5 years, 82.2%; 10 years, 74.7%; 15 years, 70.1%; living donor: 1 year, 84.3%; 3 years, 79.9%; 5 years, 77.3%; 10 years, 71.4%; 15 years, 66.3%; 20 years, 63.3%; 25 years, 61.9%). Survival data are reported according to age and sex of recipient, indication, age and sex of donor, ABO compatibility, and other factors.
Miniscrew anchorage has greatly expanded the limit of clinical orthodontics. Even without patient compliance, miniscrews can provide stationary anchorages for various tooth movements and even make it ...possible to move the tooth in directions which have been impossible with traditional orthodontic mechanics. On the other hand, the clinical use of miniscrew anchorage includes some risks. Screw fracture might be one of the most undesirable side effects in clinical use of miniscrew anchorage, which occurs in not only the placement but also the removal. A lot of factors are suggested to relate with screw failure, but screw-root proximity and the mandible are considered as two common factors. Damages of soft tissues are temporary in most cases, but damages of hard tissues are irreversible and should be avoided. We have to understand these risks and complications of miniscrew anchorage, and pay attention for their safety-conscious use.
The Drafting Committee for Hepatitis Management Guidelines established by the Japan Society of Hepatology published the first version of the Guidelines for the Management of Hepatitis B in 2013 ...(first English version in 2014), and has since been publishing updates to the Guidelines as new drugs become available, with the latest original Japanese version being Version 3.1. Herein, the Drafting Committee publishes the second English version that contains all the changes made since the first English version of the guidelines was published in 2014. This 2019 version covers: (i) the nucleos(t)ide analogs, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tenofovir alafenamide; (ii) updates to treatment recommendations and management of drug‐resistant hepatitis B virus that reflect the new availability of these drugs; and (iii) new information about hepatitis B virus reactivation with each update. This latest update also contains information about treatment goals, indications for treatment and cessation of nucleos(t)ide analog therapy, most of which were covered by the first version.
Noninvasive markers of liver fibrosis in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) are needed for predicting disease progression. As the Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2-binding ...protein (WFA(+)-M2BP) was recently established as a liver fibrosis glycobiomarker in chronic hepatitis C, we assessed its efficacy in evaluating liver fibrosis stage and disease progression in PBC.
A total of 137 patients with PBC who underwent liver biopsy and serological tests for WFA(+)-M2BP were enrolled. All patients were treated with ursodeoxycholic acid. Clinical data were compared with those for other noninvasive markers (aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio, FIB-4 index, aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio, Forn's index, and Mayo score) for estimating liver fibrosis using receiver operating characteristic analysis. The association between WFA(+)-M2BP and clinical outcome (liver decompensation, liver transplantation, or death) was evaluated using the Cox proportional hazards model with stepwise method.
WFA(+)-M2BP was independently associated with liver fibrosis stage as determined by liver biopsy. The cutoff values of WFA(+)-M2BP for fibrosis stages ≥F1, ≥F2, ≥F3, and F4 were 0.7, 1.0, 1.4, and 2.0, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for significant fibrosis, severe fibrosis, and cirrhosis were 0.979, 0.933, and 0.965, respectively. WFA(+)-M2BP was significantly superior to the other indices for the determination of significant and severe fibrosis stages. Furthermore, the WFA(+)-M2BP level at enrollment was strongly and independently associated with clinical outcome (hazard ratio 18.59, P=0.021).
Baseline measurements of WFA(+)-M2BP represent a simple and reliable noninvasive surrogate marker of liver fibrosis and prognosis in patients with PBC.
Stationary probability density function of number of recruits is applied to evaluate effect of the Harvest Control Rule (HCR) for the winter-spawning stock of Japanese flying squid Todarodes ...pacificus. The probability density function is calculated using the stock and recruitment model of Beverton and Holt with multiplicative process error and the mathematical condition for stationary state of Markov process. Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) under constant fishing coefficient is numerically searched using expectation of sustainable yield calculated with the probability density function. Allowable Biological Catch (ABC) depends on estimate of number of recruits that is random variable from the log-normal distribution. The results showed that the value of MSY was 178 thousand tons, the average of ABC from HCR was decreased with increase of variance of the estimate of number of recruits in log-scale, and the tentative estimate of variance of number of recruits calculated from available data of abundance surveys was within achievable range of the MSY. Merits of the theoretical models and issues to be resolved were discussed.
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